ᕉᓚᑦᒥ ᐱᙳᐊᕈᑎᓕᐅᕐᓂᕐᒧᑦ ᐸᕐᓇᐅᑏᑦ · ᐊᓯᐅᔾᔨᓂᕐᒥᒃ ᒪᓕᒃᑐᖅ ᐊᓯᑦᑐᖅᐸᓪᓕᐊᓂᖅ · ᐲᖅᓯᓂᖅ · 9 ᒥᓂᑦ

ᓚᐳᓯᐊᕐ ᐸᕐᓇᐅᑎ ᕉᓚᑦᒥ

ᓚᐳᓯᐊᕐ ᐸᕐᓇᐅᑎ ᕉᓚᑦᒥ ᓈᓴᐅᑏᑦ ᑎᑎᕋᖅᓯᒪᔪᑦ ᐊᑐᖅᑐᖅ. ᐃᑦᑕᕐᓂᖓ ᐊᑯᓪᓕᖓᓗ ᑲᑎᓪᓗᒋᒃ ᐱᙳᐊᕈᑎᓕᐅᕐᓗᑎᑦ. ᐊᔪᒐᕐᓂᐅᑉ ᑭᖑᐊᓂ ᐲᖅᓯᓗᒋᒃ, ᐊᓯᐅᔾᔨᓂᐅᑉ ᑭᖑᐊᓂ ᐊᓯᐅᔾᔨᔪᖅ ᐱᙳᐊᕈᑎ ᐃᓚᓗᒍ.

ᓇᐃᑦᑐᖅ ᑭᐅᔾᔪᑎ

ᐊᒃᓴᓗᐊᕐᒥᒃ ᐊᔪᖅᑎᑦᓯᙱᑦᑐᖅ. ᑎᑎᕋᖅᓯᒪᔪᑦ ᐃᓱᓕᑉᐸᑕ ᑲᑎᑕᐅᓂᖏᑦ ᐱᔭᐅᔪᑦ. ᑎᑎᕋᖅᓯᒪᔪᑦ ᐊᓯᐅᔾᔨᓃᑦ ᑐᓪᓕᖅᑎᓪᓗᒋᑦ ᐊᖏᒡᓕᕙᒃᑐᑦ, ᐱᙳᐊᕈᑎ ᑮᓇᐅᔭᖏᓪᓗ ᐊᑕᐅᑦᑎᒃᑯᑦ. ᓂᕆᐅᒋᔭᐅᔪᖅ ᐊᓯᐅᔾᔨᓂᖅ: 2.70% ᐱᙳᐊᕈᑏᑦ ᑲᑎᑕᐅᓂᖏᓐᓂ.

ᐱᒋᐊᕐᓂᖓᓂ ᑎᑎᕋᖅᓯᒪᔪᑦ
1 2 3 4
ᐊᔪᒐᕐᓂᐅᑉ ᑭᖑᐊᓂ
ᐃᑦᑕᕐᓂᖓᓂᒃ ᐊᑯᓪᓕᖓᓂᓪᓗ ᐲᖅᓯᓗᒋᒃ
ᐊᓯᐅᔾᔨᓂᐅᑉ ᑭᖑᐊᓂ
ᐱᙳᐊᕈᑎ ᑮᓇᐅᔭᖓᓂᒃ ᐃᓚᓗᒍ
ᑐᕌᒐᖅ
ᑎᑎᕋᖅᓯᒪᔪᑦ ᑲᑎᑕᐅᓂᖏᑦ

ᐸᕐᓇᐅᑎ ᒪᓕᓪᓗᒍ

ᐱᙳᐊᕈᑎ ᑮᓇᐅᔭᖓ ᓯᕗᓪᓕᖅ ᓈᓴᐅᑎ ᑭᖑᓪᓕᖅᐹᓗ ᑲᑎᓪᓗᒋᑦ. ᐊᔪᒐᕐᓂᖅ ᒪᕐᕉᒃ ᐲᖅᓯᔪᖅ. ᐊᓯᐅᔾᔨᓂᖅ ᐱᙳᐊᕈᑎ ᑮᓇᐅᔭᖓᓂᒃ ᐃᓱᐊᓄᑦ ᑎᑎᕋᖅᑐᖅ.

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ᑐᓪᓕᐊ ᐱᙳᐊᕈᑎ ᑮᓇᐅᔭᖓ5ᒫᓐᓇᒧᑦ ᐃᓱᓕᓐᓂᖓ0ᐊᑐᓂᓕᐅᑏᑦ ᐲᖅᓯᓯᒪᔪᑦ0ᑲᐃᕙᕐᓃᑦ0

ᐱᙳᐊᕈᑏᑦ ᑮᓇᐅᔭᖏᑦ ᐃᓱᓕᓐᓂᖏᓪᓗ ᐱᒋᐊᕈᑎ ᐱᙳᐊᕈᑎᐅᑉ ᐊᑦᔨᐅᑎᖏᓐᓂ.

ᓚᐳᓯᐊᕐ ᐸᕐᓇᐅᑎ ᕉᓚᑦᒥ ᐱᐊᓚᕐᒥ ᖃᓄᖅ ᐊᐅᓚᑦᑎᓂᖓ

ᖃᓄᑎᒋ ᐊᔪᒐᕈᒪᓂᕐᓂᒃ ᐃᓱᒪᓕᐅᕐᓗᑎᑦ, ᐊᔾᔨᖓ 10 ᐊᑦᔨᐅᑏᑦᑮᓇᐅᔭᖅᐊᑦᔨᐅᑎᐸᕐᓇᐅᑎᐅᑉ ᐅᕝᕙᓘᓐᓃᑦ ᐱᙳᐊᖅᑎᐅᑉ ᑐᙵᕕᒋᔭᖓ ᐱᙳᐊᕈᑎ ᑮᓇᐅᔭᖓ. ᐊᓯᑦᑐᖅᐸᓪᓕᐊᓂᐅᔪᑦ ᐊᑦᔨᐅᑎᓄᑦ ᓇᓗᓇᐃᖅᑕᐅᕙᒃᑐᑦ, ᑕᐃᒪ ᓇᓕᐊᓂᑐᐃᓐᓇᖅ ᐱᙳᐊᕐᕕᒻᒥ ᐊᑐᕈᓐᓇᖁᓪᓗᒋᑦ.ᐃᓘᓐᓇᖓ ᐅᖃᓕᒫᕐᓗᒍ →, ᑎᑎᕋᕐᓗᒍᓗ ᓈᓴᐅᑏᑦ ᑲᑎᑕᐅᒃᐸᑕ ᑕᐃᒪᐃᑦᑐᑦ: 1 2 3 4. ᐱᙳᐊᕈᑎ ᑕᒪᕐᒥᒃ ᓯᕗᓪᓕᖅᐹᖅ ᓈᓴᐅᑎ ᑭᖑᓪᓕᖅᐹᖅ ᐃᓚᓗᒍ: 1 + 4 = 5. ᐊᔪᒐᒃᐸᑦ, ᐃᑦᑕᕐᓂᖓ ᐊᑯᓪᓕᖓᓗ ᐲᖅᓯᓗᒋᒃ; ᒫᓐᓇ ᑎᑎᕋᖅᓯᒪᔪᑦ 2 3. ᐊᓯᐅᔾᔨᒃᐸᑦ, ᐱᙳᐊᕈᑎ ᑮᓇᐅᔭᖓ ᐃᓱᐊᓄᑦ ᑎᑎᕋᕐᓗᒍ: 1 2 3 4 5. ᑎᑎᕋᖅᓯᒪᔪᑦ ᐲᕆᐊᖅᑐᖅᑕᐅᓚᐅᖅᑎᓐᓇᒋᑦ ᑲᔪᓯᓗᑎᑦ, ᑕᐃᒪ 10 ᐊᑦᔨᐅᑏᑦ ᐊᔪᒐᓯᒪᓕᖅᑎᑦ, ᐅᕝᕙᓘᓐᓃᑦ ᑐᓪᓕᖓ ᐱᙳᐊᕈᑎ ᐊᑭᓖᔪᓐᓇᐃᓕᖅᑎᓪᓗᒍ. ᐱᓕᕆᐊᒃᓴᓂᒃ ᑎᑎᕋᖅᓯᒪᔪᑎᑐᑦ ᐊᐅᓚᑦᑎᔪᖅ: ᐱᓕᕆᐊᖅ ᐃᓱᓕᑦᑐᖅ ᑕᒪᕐᒥᒃ ᒪᕐᕉᓂᒃ ᐲᖅᓯᔪᖅ, ᐱᓕᕆᐊᖅ ᐊᔪᕐᓂᒃᑯᑦ ᐃᓱᓕᑦᑐᖅ ᑕᒪᕐᒥᒃ ᐊᖏᓂᖅᓴᒥᒃ ᐊᑖᓄᑦ ᐃᓚᔨᔪᖅ.

ᑎᑎᕋᖅᓯᒪᔪᑦᐱᙳᐊᕈᑎᐃᓱᓕᑦᑎᓂᖓᓄᑖᑦ ᑎᑎᕋᖅᓯᒪᔪᑦᑲᑎᑕᐅᔪᑦ ᒫᓐᓇ
1 2 3 45ᐊᓯᐅᔾᔨᓂᖅ1 2 3 4 5−5
1 2 3 4 56ᐊᔪᒐᕐᓂᖅ2 3 4+1
2 3 46ᐊᓯᐅᔾᔨᓂᖅ2 3 4 6−5
2 3 4 68ᐊᔪᒐᕐᓂᖅ3 4+3
3 47ᐊᔪᒐᕐᓂᖅ(ᐃᒪᖃᙱᑦᑐᖅ)+10
ᑎᑎᕋᖅᓯᒪᔪᑦ ᐲᖅᑐᑦ ᑕᓪᓕᒪᑦ ᐱᙳᐊᕈᑏᑦ ᑭᖑᐊᓂ, ᐱᖓᓱᓂᒃ ᐊᔪᒐᕐᓂᖃᖅᓗᑎᒃ ᒪᕐᕉᓂᒡᓗ ᐊᓯᐅᔾᔨᓂᖃᖅᓗᑎᒃ: +10 ᐊᑦᔨᐅᑏᑦ, ᓯᕗᓪᓕᐅᔪᑦ ᑎᑎᕋᖅᓯᒪᔪᑦ ᑲᑎᑕᐅᓂᖏᑦ. ᑲᑎᑕᐅᔪᑦ ᐱᙳᐊᕈᑏᑦ: 32 ᐊᑦᔨᐅᑏᑦ.

ᓱᒻᒪᑦ ᑎᑎᕋᖅᓯᒪᔪᑦ ᐲᒐᔪᒃᐸᑦ?

ᐊᔪᒐᕐᓂᖅ ᑕᒪᕐᒥᒃ ᒪᕐᕉᓂᒃ ᓈᓴᐅᑏᒃ ᐲᖅᓯᔪᖅ; ᐊᓯᐅᔾᔨᓂᖅ ᑕᒪᕐᒥᒃ ᐊᑕᐅᓯᕐᒥᒃ ᐃᓚᔨᔪᖅ. ᑎᑎᕋᖅᓯᒪᔪᑦ ᒥᑭᓕᖅᐸᒃᑐᑦ ᐊᔪᒐᕐᓃᑦ ᐊᓯᐅᔾᔨᓃᑦ ᕿᑎᐊᓂᑦ ᐊᒥᓱᓂᖅᓴᐅᒃᐸᑕ, ᑕᐃᒪᐃᒐᔪᒃᑐᓪᓗ ᐊᔾᔨᒌᒃᑐᒥᒃ ᐊᑭᓕᐅᑎᓕᓐᓂ (48.6%). ᑎᑎᕋᖅᓯᒪᔪᑦ ᐊᒥᓲᖏᑦ ᐲᖅᑐᑦ. ᑕᒪᓐᓇ ᐱᔪᒪᓇᕐᓂᖓ ᓇᓗᓇᖅᑐᖓᓗ: ᐱᙳᐊᖅᑕᐅᓂᖏᑦ ᑎᑎᕋᖅᓯᒪᔪᑦ ᐲᙱᑦᑐᑦ ᐊᓯᐅᔾᔨᓃᑦ ᐊᔪᒐᕐᓂᕐᓂᑦ ᒪᕐᕉᕆᐊᖅᓗᒍ ᐊᒥᓱᓂᖅᓴᐅᓯᒪᑎᓪᓗᒋᑦ ᐱᕕᒃᓴᒥ, ᑕᐃᑦᑐᓂᓗ ᑎᑎᕋᖅᓯᒪᔪᑦ ᓈᓴᐅᑏᑦ, ᐱᙳᐊᕈᑎ ᑮᓇᐅᔭᖏᓪᓗ, ᐊᖏᒡᓕᓯᒪᓕᖅᑐᑦ.

ᓚᐳᓯᐊᕐᑎᑐᑦ ᐱᙳᐊᖅᑕᐅᓂᖏᑦ ᖁᓕᑦ, $10 ᐊᑦᔨᐅᑎ, $500 ᑭᒡᓕᖓᐃᓱᓕᓐᓂᖓ, ᐱᒋᐊᕐᓂᖓᓂᒃ ᐊᔾᔨᒋᓗᒍ
+$2,490$0−$500+$1,580−$2500125250375500ᑲᐃᕙᕐᓃᑦᐃᓱᓕᓐᓂᖓ
1,000 ᐱᙳᐊᖅᑕᐅᓂᖏᑦ × 500 ᑲᐃᕙᕐᓃᑦ · ᑕᐅᑦᑐᖓ ᕗᐊᔪᓕᑦ p10/p25/p75/p90, ᖃᐅᒻᒪᖅᓯᒪᔪᖅ ᑐᖑᔪᖅᑐᖅ ᐊᑯᓐᓂᐊᓃᑦᑐᖅ, 82 ᐊᔪᕿᓗᐊᙱᑦᑐᑦ ᐆᒃᑐᕈᑏᑦ · ᓈᓴᐅᑎᓕᐊᒃᑯᑦ ᐃᖏᕐᕋᕐᓗᑎᑦ ᑲᐃᕙᕐᓂᕐᒥ ᐃᓚᖏᑦ ᑕᑯᓂᐊᕐᓗᒋᑦ
  • p10 −$500
  • p25 −$500
  • ᐊᑯᓐᓂᐊᓃᑦᑐᖅ −$500
  • p75 −$500
  • p90 +$1,570
1,000 ᐱᙳᐊᖅᑕᐅᓂᖏᑦ × 500 ᑲᐃᕙᕐᓃᑦ · ᖁᒻᒧᑦ ᑐᑭᓕᐊᖅ ᑭᒡᓕᖃᖅᑐᖅ 1–99-ᖓᓄᑦ ᐳᓴᓐᑎᓪᒧᑦ (ᐊᖏᓛᑦ −$500-ᒥᑦ +$2,660-ᒧᑦ) · 500 ᑲᐃᕙᕐᓃᑦ · $10 ᐱᒋᐊᕈᑎ · ᐊᔾᔨᒌᒃᑐᒥᒃ ᐊᑭᓕᐅᑎᓕᒃ
ᐅᕙᓂ ᐊᔾᔨᐅᖅᑕᐅᓯᒪᔪᑦ ᐊᔾᔨᒋᐊᖅᑕᐅᔪᓐᓇᖅᑐᒥᒃ ᐊᓯᐅᔾᔨᓂᕐᒥᒃ ᒪᓕᒃᑐᒥᒃ ᐊᓯᑦᑐᖅᐸᓪᓕᐊᓂᕐᒥᒃ. ᐊᕕᒃᓯᒪᓂᖏᑦ ᐊᔾᔨᒌᒃᑐᑦ: ᒥᑭᔪᑦ ᑮᓇᐅᔭᒃᓴᕐᓃᑦ ᐃᓱᓕᑦᑐᐃᓐᓇᙱᑦᑐᑦ, ᐃᓛᓐᓂᒃᑯᑦ ᓱᕋᐃᓂᖅ ᑎᑎᕋᖅᓯᒪᔪᑦ ᐊᖏᒡᓕᕗᑦᑕᒃ.

ᓚᐳᓯᐊᕐ ᐸᕐᓇᐅᑎ ᐊᐅᓚᑦᑎᕙ?

ᐊᐅᓚᑦᑎᙱᑦᑐᖅ. ᑎᑎᕋᖅᓯᒪᔪᑦ ᐊᒥᓲᖏᑦ ᐲᖅᑐᑦ, ᐲᙱᑦᑐᓪᓗ ᐲᖅᑐᑦ ᐊᔪᒐᕐᓂᖏᓐᓂᑦ ᐊᑭᓂᖅᓴᐅᔪᑦ. 1 2 3 4-ᒥᑦ ᐱᒋᐊᖅᑐᑦ, ᐊᕐᕕᓂᓖᑦ ᒪᕐᕉᒃ ᐊᓯᐅᔾᔨᓃᑦ ᑐᓪᓕᖅᑐᑦ ᑎᑎᕋᖅᓯᒪᔪᓂᒃ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 ᓴᓇᔪᑦ, ᑐᓪᓕᖓᓗ ᐱᙳᐊᕈᑎ 13 ᐊᑦᔨᐅᑏᑦ, 68 ᐊᑦᔨᐅᑏᑦ ᐊᓯᐅᔾᔨᓯᒪᓕᖅᑎᓪᓗᒋᑦ. $10 ᐊᑦᔨᐅᑎᒧᑦ ᑕᐃᒪ $130 ᐱᙳᐊᕈᑎ $680-ᓗ ᐊᓯᐅᔾᔨᓯᒪᓂᖅ. ᐊᕐᕕᓂᓖᑦ ᒪᕐᕉᒃ ᐊᔾᔨᒌᒃᑐᒥᒃ ᐊᑭᓕᐅᑎᓕᒃ ᐊᓯᐅᔾᔨᓃᑦ ᑐᓪᓕᖅᑐᑦ ᐱᔪᓐᓇᕐᓂᖓᓈᓴᐃᓂᖅᐱᔪᓐᓇᕐᓂᖅᐱᓐᓂᐅᑉ ᐱᔪᓐᓇᕐᓂᖓ, 0-ᒥᑦ 1-ᒧᑦ ᐅᕝᕙᓘᓐᓃᑦ 0%-ᒥᑦ 100%-ᒧᑦ. ᓈᓴᐅᑎ ᐊᑕᐅᓯᖅ: 1/37 = 2.70%.ᐃᓘᓐᓇᖓ ᐅᖃᓕᒫᕐᓗᒍ → (19/37)⁸ ≈ 0.5% ᐱᒋᐊᕐᕕᒻᒥᑦ ᑭᓱᑐᐃᓐᓇᒥᑦ, 200 ᑲᐃᕙᕐᓂᓕᒡᓗ ᐱᙳᐊᖅᑕᐅᓂᖓ ᐊᒥᓱᓂᒃ ᐱᒋᐊᕐᕕᓂᒃ ᐱᑕᖃᖅᑐᖅ. ᒫᑎᓐᒐᐃᓪᐸᕐᓇᐅᑎᒫᑎᓐᒐᐃᓪᐊᓯᑦᑐᖅᐸᓪᓕᐊᓂᖅ ᐊᓯᐅᔾᔨᓂᖅ ᑕᒪᐃᓐᓂ ᐱᙳᐊᕈᑎ ᒪᕐᕉᕆᐊᖅᑐᖅ. ᐸᕐᓇᐅᑏᑦ ᐃᓚᖓᓂ ᑕᑯᓗᒍ ᖃᓄᐃᓕᐅᕐᓂᖓ ᖃᓄᐃᓕᐅᙱᓐᓂᖓᓗ.ᐃᓘᓐᓇᖓ ᐅᖃᓕᒫᕐᓗᒍ → ᐊᔾᔨᒋᙱᓪᓗᒍ, ᐊᑕᐅᓯᖅ ᐊᔪᒐᕐᓂᖅ ᐋᖅᑭᒃᓯᔪᓐᓇᙱᑦᑐᖅ; ᑎᑎᕋᖅᓯᒪᔪᑦ ᐲᖅᑕᐅᔭᕆᐊᖃᖅᑐᑦ, ᑕᐃᒪᓗ ᐊᔪᒐᕐᓃᑦ ᐊᓯᐅᔾᔨᓂᕐᓂᑦ ᐊᒥᓱᓂᖅᓴᐃᑦ ᐱᔭᕆᐊᖃᖅᑐᑦ.

ᓇᐃᑦᑐᑦ ᑎᑎᕋᖅᓯᒪᔪᑦ ᖃᓄᑎᒋ ᑮᓇᐅᔭᓂᒃ ᐱᔭᕆᐊᖃᖅᐸᑦ?

ᐊᑐᖅᑕᐅᒐᔪᒃᑐᑦ ᓇᐃᓛᑦ ᑎᑎᕋᖅᓯᒪᔪᑦ, 1 2 3, 6 ᐊᑦᔨᐅᑏᑦ ᐊᔪᒐᖅᑐᑦ. ᒪᕐᕉᒃ ᒥᓕᐊᓐ ᑕᐃᒪᐃᑦᑐᑦ ᑎᑎᕋᖅᓯᒪᔪᑦ ᐊᔾᔨᐅᖅᑕᐅᓚᐅᖅᑐᑦ ᐊᐅᐸᓗᒃᑐᒧᑦᐱᙳᐊᕈᑎᐊᐅᐸᓗᒃᑐᖅᐊᔾᔨᒌᒃᑐᒥᒃ ᐊᑭᓕᐅᑎᓕᒃ ᐱᙳᐊᕈᑎ 18 ᐊᐅᐸᓗᒃᑐᓄᑦ ᓈᓴᐅᑎᓄᑦ. ᕖᓇᓯᑐᑦ: ᕈᔾ (rouge).ᐃᓘᓐᓇᖓ ᐅᖃᓕᒫᕐᓗᒍ → ᐃᐅᕌᐸ ᐊᒃᓴᓗᐊᖓᓂ ᐱᙳᐊᕐᕕᐅᑉ ᐊᖏᓛᒥᒃ ᑭᒡᓕᖃᙱᑦᑐᒥ, ᑎᑎᕋᖅᓯᒪᔪᑦ ᑕᒪᕐᒥᒃ ᑮᓇᐅᔭᓂᒃ ᐊᖏᓛᓂᒃ ᐱᔭᕆᐊᖃᓚᐅᖅᑕᖏᑦ ᑎᑎᕋᖅᑕᐅᔪᑦ: ᒫᓐᓇᒧᑦ ᐊᓯᐅᔾᔨᓃᑦ ᑐᓪᓕᖓᓗ ᐱᙳᐊᕈᑎ. ᑎᑎᕋᖅᓯᒪᔪᑦ ᕿᑎᐊᖏᑦ 9 ᐊᑦᔨᐅᑏᑦ ᐅᖓᑖᓄᑦ ᐱᔭᕆᐊᖃᓚᐅᙱᑦᑐᑦ. ᖁᓕᓂ ᐊᑕᐅᓯᖅ 79-ᒥᑦ ᐊᒥᓱᓂᖅᓴᓂᒃ ᐱᔭᕆᐊᖃᖅᑐᖅ, ᕕᑉᑎᓂᓗ ᐊᑕᐅᓯᖅ 490-ᒥᑦ ᐊᒥᓱᓂᖅᓴᓂᒃ, 100-ᓂᓗ 99 ᑎᑎᕋᖅᓯᒪᔪᑦ ᐃᓱᓕᑦᑎᓂᐊᕐᓗᒋᑦ ᐱᙳᐊᖅᑎ 1,050 ᖃᓂᒋᔭᖏᓐᓂᒃ ᐊᑦᔨᐅᑎᓂᒃ ᐱᔭᕆᐊᖃᖅᑐᖅ 6 ᐊᑦᔨᐅᑏᑦ ᑐᕌᒐᐅᑎᓪᓗᒋᑦ. ᓯᕉᐊᒃᓴᓗᐊᖅᓯᕉᐊᑕᐅᓯᖅ ᐅᔾᔪᐊᕌᔭᒃ ᐃᓂ ᐊᔾᔨᒌᒃᑐᒥᒃ ᐊᑭᓕᐅᑎᓕᖕᓄᑦ, ᑕᓴᓐᓄᑦ ᓇᑉᐸᖅᑐᓄᓪᓘᓐᓃᑦ ᐱᙳᐊᕈᑏᑦ ᐃᓚᐅᑎᙱᑕᖓ; ᑳᓯᓅᑉ ᐃᓚᖓᑕ ᐱᓇᓪᓗᑎᖓ. ᐊᓯᐊᓂ ᐊᑎᖏᑦ: ᐊᑕᐅᓯᖅ ᓯᕉ, 0.ᐃᓘᓐᓇᖓ ᐅᖃᓕᒫᕐᓗᒍ → ᐱᑕᖃᙱᑉᐸᑦ, ᓈᒻᒪᒃᑐᒥ ᐱᙳᐊᕐᓂᕐᒥᓈᓴᐃᓂᖅᓈᒻᒪᒃᑐᖅ ᐱᙳᐊᕐᓂᖅᐱᙳᐊᕐᓂᖅ ᓇᓕᐊᑐᐃᓐᓇᖅ ᐱᐅᓂᖅᓴᐅᓂᖃᙱᑦᑐᖅ: ᐱᙳᐊᕈᑎ ᑕᒪᐃᓐᓂ ᓂᕆᐅᒋᔭᐅᔪᖅ ᐊᑭᖓ ᓯᕉ.ᐃᓘᓐᓇᖓ ᐅᖃᓕᒫᕐᓗᒍ →, 700 ᖃᓂᒋᔭᖏᓐᓂᒃ ᐱᔭᕆᐊᖃᕐᓂᐊᖅᑐᖅ. ᒥᑭᓂᖅᓴᓂᒃ ᐱᑕᖃᖅᑎᓪᓗᒍ ᑎᑎᕋᖅᓯᒪᔪᑦ ᐃᓛᓐᓂᒃᑯᑦ ᐊᓯᐅᔾᔨᔭᐅᔪᑦ, ᐊᑕᐅᓯᕐᓗ ᐊᓯᐅᔾᔨᔭᐅᔪᖅ ᑎᑎᕋᖅᓯᒪᔪᑦ ᐊᒥᓱᑦ ᐃᓱᓕᑦᑐᑦ ᐊᔪᒐᕐᓂᖏᓐᓂᑦ ᐊᑭᓂᖅᓴᐅᔪᖅ.

ᑎᑎᕋᖅᓯᒪᔪᑦ ᐃᓱᓕᑦᑐᑦᐊᑦᔨᐅᑏᑦ ᐱᔭᕆᐊᖃᖅᑕᐅᔪᑦ
50%9
90%79
95%174
98%490
99%1,050
ᐊᔾᔨᐅᖅᑕᐅᓂᕗᑦ: ᑎᑎᕋᖅᓯᒪᔪᑦ 1 2 3, ᐊᐅᐸᓗᒃᑐᖅ ᐊᑕᐅᓯᖅ ᓯᕉᓕᒃ ᐊᒃᓴᓗᐊᕐᒥ, ᐱᙳᐊᕐᕕᐅᑉ ᑭᒡᓕᖃᙱᑦᑐᖅ, ᒪᕐᕉᒃ ᒥᓕᐊᓐ ᑎᑎᕋᖅᓯᒪᔪᑦ. ᐊᑦᔨᐅᑏᑦ ᐱᔭᕆᐊᖃᖅᑕᐅᔪᑦ ᐊᓯᐅᔾᔨᓂᖅ ᐊᖏᓛᖅ ᒫᓐᓇᒧᑦ ᑐᓪᓕᖓᓗ ᐱᙳᐊᕈᑎ. ᐃᐱᔅᑕᐃᓐ (Epstein) (2013) ᐊᔾᔨᒌᒃᑐᒥᒃ ᐊᐱᕆᔪᖅ ᓈᒻᒪᒃᑐᒧᑦ ᐱᙳᐊᕐᓂᕐᒧᑦ.

ᕉᓚᑦ: ᐱᙳᐊᕐᕕᐅᑉ ᑭᒡᓕᖏᑦ

ᐊᓯᖏᑦ ᐊᔾᔨᒋᙱᑦᑐᑦ ᐱᑕᖃᖅᐸᑦ?

ᐅᑎᖅᑕᖅ ᓚᐳᓯᐊᕐᐸᕐᓇᐅᑎᓚᐳᓯᐊᕐᐲᖅᓯᓂᕐᒧᑦ ᐸᕐᓇᐅᑎ: ᓈᓴᐅᑏᑦ ᑐᑭᓕᐊᖓᓂᒃ ᑎᑎᕋᕐᓗᑎᑦ, ᐃᓱᖏᒃ ᒪᕐᕉᒃ ᑲᑎᓪᓗᒋᒃ ᐱᙳᐊᕈᑎᓕᐅᕐᓗᑎᑦ, ᐊᔪᒐᖅᑲᓂ ᐲᖅᓯᓗᒋᒃ, ᐊᓯᐅᔾᔨᒐᓂ ᐊᓯᐅᔾᔨᓯᒪᔭᕐᓂᒃ ᐃᓚᒋᐊᕐᓗᒍ.ᐃᓘᓐᓇᖓ ᐅᖃᓕᒫᕐᓗᒍ → ᐊᔪᒐᕐᓂᐅᑉ ᑭᖑᐊᓂ ᐃᓚᔨᔪᖅ ᐊᓯᐅᔾᔨᓂᐅᑉ ᑭᖑᐊᓂᓗ ᐲᖅᓯᓪᓗᓂ, ᑕᐃᒪ ᐊᔪᒐᕐᓂᕐᒥᒃ ᒪᓕᒃᑐᒧᑦ ᐊᓯᑦᑐᖅᐸᓪᓕᐊᓂᕐᒧᑦᐸᕐᓇᐅᑎᐊᓯᑦᑐᖅᐸᓪᓕᐊᓂᖅᒪᓕᒐᖅ ᓇᓕᐊᑐᐃᓐᓇᖅ ᐱᙳᐊᕈᑎ ᑮᓇᐅᔭᖓᓂᒃ ᐊᓂᒍᖅᓯᒪᔪᑦ ᐱᓐᓂᖏᑦ ᒪᓕᒡᓗᒋᑦ ᐊᓯᑦᑐᐃᔪᖅ. ᐊᑲᐅᙱᑦᑐᑦ ᐊᓯᑦᑐᖅᐸᓪᓕᐊᓂᐅᔪᑦ ᐊᓯᐅᔾᔨᓂᖅ ᑭᖑᓂᖓᓂ ᖁᕝᕙᑦᑎᔪᑦ, ᐱᐅᔪᑦ ᐊᔪᒐᕐᓂᖅ ᑭᖑᓂᖓᓂ.ᐃᓘᓐᓇᖓ ᐅᖃᓕᒫᕐᓗᒍ → ᓄᖅᑲᕐᕕᓕᒻᒧᑦ ᐊᓯᑦᑐᖅᓯᔪᖅ. ᑎᑎᕋᖅᓯᒪᔪᑦ ᐊᑯᓂᐅᔪᑦ ᒪᕐᕉᓄᑦ ᓇᐃᓐᓂᖅᓴᓄᑦ ᐊᕕᒃᑕᐅᒃᐸᑕ (“1 2 3 4 5 6”-ᒥᑦ “1 2 3”-ᒧᑦ “4 5 6”-ᒧᓪᓗ) ᐱᙳᐊᕈᑎ ᑮᓇᐅᔭᖏᑦ ᒥᑭᓕᖅᑐᑦ, ᑎᑎᕋᖅᓯᒪᔪᓪᓗ ᐲᖅᑕᐅᔭᕆᐊᓕᑦ ᒪᕐᕉᕆᐊᖅᓯᔪᑦ. ᐊᑕᐅᓯᕐᒥᒃ ᓈᓴᐅᑎᒥᒃ ᐱᒋᐊᕐᓂᖅ ᐊᔾᔨᒌᒃᑐᓂᒃ ᐱᙳᐊᕈᑎᓕᐅᕐᓂᖅᐸᕐᓇᐅᑎᐊᔾᔨᒌᒃᑐᓂᒃ ᐱᙳᐊᕈᑎᓕᐅᕐᓂᖅᑲᐃᕙᕐᓂᖅ ᑕᒪᐃᓐᓂ ᐊᔾᔨᒌᒃᑐᒥᒃ ᐱᙳᐊᕈᑎᓕᐅᕐᓂᖅ. ᐊᓯᑦᑐᖅᐸᓪᓕᐊᓂᖅ ᑕᒪᐃᑦ ᑕᒪᑐᒧᖓ ᐊᔾᔨᒌᒃᓯᔭᐅᕙᒃᑐᑦ.ᐃᓘᓐᓇᖓ ᐅᖃᓕᒫᕐᓗᒍ → ᑐᕌᒐᓕᒃ ᑭᓯᐊᓂ.

ᐊᔾᔨᒌᒃᑐᓂᒃ ᐱᙳᐊᕈᑎᓕᐅᕐᓂᖅ ᐸᕐᓇᐅᑎ ᕉᓚᑦᒥ

ᐅᑎᖅᑕᖅ ᓚᐳᓯᐊᕐ ᓃᔅᒥ ᑳᓯᓄᒥᒃ ᐊᔪᖅᑎᑦᓯᓚᐅᖅᐸ?

ᐅᑎᖅᑕᖅ ᐊᔾᔨᒋᙱᑦᑐᒥ ᐊᔪᒐᕐᓂᖅ ᐱᙳᐊᕈᑎ ᑮᓇᐅᔭᖓᓂᒃ ᑎᑎᕋᖅᓯᒪᔪᑦ ᐃᓱᐊᓄᑦ ᐃᓚᔨᔪᖅ, ᐊᓯᐅᔾᔨᓂᕐᓗ ᐃᑦᑕᕐᓂᖓᓂᒃ ᐊᑯᓪᓕᖓᓂᓪᓗ ᐲᖅᓯᓪᓗᓂ. ᑎᑎᕋᖅᓯᒪᔪᑦ ᐲᖅᑐᑦ ᑲᑎᑕᐅᓂᖏᓐᓂᒃ ᐊᑭᖃᓚᐅᖅᑐᑦ, 1 2 3 4-ᒧᑦ 10 ᐊᑦᔨᐅᑏᑦ; ᑎᑎᕋᖅᓯᒪᔪᑦ ᐊᔪᒐᐃᓐᓇᖅᑐᑦ ᐱᙳᐊᕈᑏᑦ ᐊᖏᒡᓕᕙᒃᑐᑦ ᑐᓪᓕᖓ ᐱᙳᐊᕐᕕᐅᑉ ᐊᖏᓛᖓᓂᒃ ᖃᖏᖅᑐᓐᓇᓕᖅᑎᓪᓗᒍ, ᑕᐃᒪᓗ ᐱᙳᐊᖅᑎ ᑮᓇᐅᔭᒃᓴᕐᓂᕐᒥᒃ ᐱᓗᓂ ᐱᒋᐊᖅᑭᑦᑐᖅ. ᓚᐳᓯᐊᕐ ᐅᑎᖅᑕᖅᑎᑕᐅᓯᒪᔪᖅ: ᒥᑭᔪᑦ ᐊᓯᐅᔾᔨᔪᑦ ᑎᑎᕋᖅᓯᒪᔪᑦ ᐊᒥᓱᑦ ᐊᖏᔪᕐᓗ ᐊᔪᒐᕐᓂᖅ ᖃᓄᐃᓕᖓᔾᔮᙱᑦᑐᖅ. ᓄᐊᒪᓐ ᓕ (Norman Leigh) ᐅᖃᓕᒫᒐᖓ Thirteen Against the Bank (1976) ᐅᓂᒃᑳᖅᑐᖅ ᖃᓄᖅ ᐱᓕᕆᖃᑎᖏᑦ ᐊᑐᓚᐅᕐᒪᖔᑦ ᐱᖓᓲᔪᖅᑐᓂ ᐊᔾᔨᒌᒃᑐᒥᒃ ᐊᑭᓕᐅᑎᓕᓐᓂ ᐱᙳᐊᕈᑎᓂ ᑕᒪᐃᓐᓂ ᓃᔅᒥ 1966-ᒥ, ᑭᖑᓂᐊᒍᓪᓗ ᐅᓂᒃᑳᓕᐅᖅᑎ ᐅᖃᖅᑐᖅ 100-ᓂ ᐊᖏᕐᓂᐅᔪᓐᓇᖅᑐᓂ ᐱᙳᐊᖅᑕᐅᓂᕐᓂ 96 ᐊᔪᒐᓚᐅᖅᑐᑦ (ᑯᓪᒪᓐ (Goldman), 2007). ᑕᒪᓐᓇ ᐅᑎᖅᑕᖅᓯᒪᔪᖅ. ᐊᔾᔨᐅᖅᑕᐅᓂᑦᑎᓐᓂ ᐱᙳᐊᖅᑕᐅᓂᖏᑦ ᐊᒥᓲᖏᑦ ᐊᓯᐅᔾᔨᔪᑦ ᐃᓚᖏᓪᓗ ᐊᒥᓲᙱᑦᑐᑦ ᐊᖏᔪᒥᒃ ᐊᔪᒐᖅᑐᑦ, ᐊᖏᓛᖅ ᖁᑦᑎᓂᖅᓴᐅᒃᐸᑦ ᐊᔪᒐᕐᓃᑦ ᖃᓄᐃᓕᖓᔾᔮᙱᓂᖅᓴᐅᔪᑦ ᐊᖏᓂᖅᓴᐅᓪᓗᑎᒡᓗ. ᐊᑭᖓ ᐊᔾᔨᒌᒃᑐᖅ 1.35%-ᖑᔪᖅ ᐱᙳᐊᕈᑏᑦ ᑲᑎᑕᐅᓂᖏᓐᓂᑮᓇᐅᔭᖅᐱᙳᐊᕈᑏᑦ ᑲᑎᑕᐅᓂᖏᑦᐱᙳᐊᖅᑕᐅᓂᖓᓂ ᐅᕝᕙᓘᓐᓃᑦ ᐱᕕᒃᓴᕐᒥ ᐱᙳᐊᕈᑎᒋᔭᐅᔪᑦ ᑲᑎᓪᓗᒋᑦ, ᐊᔪᒐᐅᑎᑦ ᐱᙳᐊᕈᑎᒋᖃᑦᑕᖅᑕᐅᔪᑦ ᐃᓚᓗᒋᑦ. ᐊᓯᐊᓂ ᐊᑎᖏᑦ: ᕼᐋᓐᑐᓪ, ᐋᒃᓴᓐ.ᐃᓘᓐᓇᖓ ᐅᖃᓕᒫᕐᓗᒍ → ᓚ ᐸᕐᑕᔾᒪᓕᒐᖅᓚ ᐸᕐᑕᔾᕖᓇᓯ ᒪᓕᒐᖓ: ᓯᕉ ᐊᔪᒐᖅᐸᑦ, ᐊᔾᔨᒌᒃᑐᒥᒃ ᐊᑭᓕᐅᑎᓕᒃ ᐱᙳᐊᕈᑎ ᑮᓇᐅᔭᖓᑕ ᕿᑎᖓ ᐅᑎᖅᑎᑕᐅᔪᖅ. ᑕᐃᒃᑯᓂ ᐱᙳᐊᕈᑏᓐᓂ ᑳᓯᓅᑉ ᐃᓚᖓ ᕿᑎᐊᓄᑦ ᒥᑭᓕᒋᐊᖅᑎᑕᐅᔪᖅ, 1.35%-ᒧᑦ.ᐃᓘᓐᓇᖓ ᐅᖃᓕᒫᕐᓗᒍ → ᐊᑐᖅᑎᓪᓗᒍ, ᐊᖏᓛᖅ ᖃᓄᐃᑦᑑᒐᓗᐊᖅᐸᑦ.

ᐱᙳᐊᕐᕕᐅᑉ ᐊᖏᓛᖓ, ᐊᑦᔨᐅᑎᓂᒃ300 ᑲᐃᕙᕐᓂᓕᒃ ᐱᙳᐊᖅᑕᐅᓂᖏᑦ ᑮᓇᐅᔭᒃᓴᖅᑐᑦᐱᙳᐊᖅᑕᐅᓂᖓᓄᑦ ᐊᔾᔨᒌᒃᑎᑕᐅᔪᖅ ᐃᓱᓕᑦᑎᓂᖓ
50019%−82 ᐊᑦᔨᐅᑏᑦ
2,0007%−105 ᐊᑦᔨᐅᑏᑦ
5,6004.5%−114 ᐊᑦᔨᐅᑏᑦ
ᐊᔾᔨᐅᖅᑕᐅᓯᒪᔪᑦ, 200,000 ᐱᙳᐊᖅᑕᐅᓂᖏᑦ ᑎᑎᕋᐅᔭᕐᒧᑦ: ᑎᑎᕋᖅᓯᒪᔪᑦ 1 2 3 4 ᐊᑕᐅᓯᕐᒥ ᐊᔾᔨᒌᒃᑐᒥᒃ ᐊᑭᓕᐅᑎᓕᒻᒥ ᐱᙳᐊᕈᑎᒥ ᐊᑕᐅᓯᖅ ᓯᕉᓕᒻᒥ ᐊᒃᓴᓗᐊᕐᒥ, ᓯᕉᒥ ᐱᙳᐊᕈᑎ ᑮᓇᐅᔭᖓᑕ ᕿᑎᐊ ᐅᑎᖅᑎᑕᐅᔪᖅ, ᑮᓇᐅᔭᒃᓴᕐᓂᖅ ᐱᔭᐅᔪᖅ ᑎᑎᕋᖅᓯᒪᔪᓪᓗ ᐱᒋᐊᖅᑭᔭᐅᔪᑦ ᑐᓪᓕᖓ ᐱᙳᐊᕈᑎ ᐊᖏᓛᒥᒃ ᖃᖏᖅᑐᓐᓇᓕᖅᑎᓪᓗᒍ.
ᓃᔅᒥ, ᓕ ᐱᓕᕆᖃᑎᖏᓪᓗ ᐱᖓᓲᔪᖅᑐᓂ ᐊᔾᔨᒌᒃᑐᒥᒃ ᐊᑭᓕᐅᑎᓕᓐᓂ ᐱᙳᐊᕈᑎᓂ ᑕᒪᐃᓐᓂ ᐱᙳᐊᕈᑎᓕᐅᓚᐅᖅᑐᑦ, ᐊᑕᐅᓯᕐᓗ ᓯᑉᐳᑦ ᖄᖓᒍᑦ ᐃᓕᓯᒪᔪᑦ ᐊᖏᒡᓕᓚᐅᖅᑐᖅ.

ᕉᓚᑦᒥ ᑐᓴᖅᑕᐅᒪᔪᑦ ᐱᙳᐊᖅᑏᑦᓚ ᐸᕐᑕᔾ ᒪᓕᒐᖅ ᕉᓚᑦᒥ

ᓚᐳᓯᐊᕐ ᑭᓇᐅᓚᐅᖅᐸ?

ᕼᐊᓐᕆ ᓚᐳᓯᐊᕐ (Henry Labouchère) (1831–1912), ᑐᓴᒐᒃᓴᓕᐅᖅᑎ, ᐃᓚᐅᔾᔨᕕᒃ ᓇᖕᒥᓂᖃᖅᑎ ᓕᐳᕋᓪᓗ ᒪᓕᒐᓕᐅᖅᑎ, ᓚᓐᑕᓐ ᐃᓄᖏᓐᓂ ᐸᕐᓇᐅᑎᒥᒃ ᑐᓴᐅᒪᔭᐅᓂᖅᓴᐅᑎᑦᓯᓚᐅᖅᑐᖅ, ᐅᖃᐅᓯᐅᔪᓪᓗ ᒪᓐᑎ ᑳᓗᒥ ᐊᑐᓚᐅᕐᓂᖓᓂᒃ. ᐲᖅᓯᓂᕐᒧᑦ ᐸᕐᓇᐅᑎ ᓯᕗᓂᐊᓂ ᐱᑕᖃᓚᐅᖅᓯᒪᔪᖅ. ᓂᕆᐅᒋᔭᐅᔪᒥᒃ ᐊᓯᐅᔾᔨᓂᕐᒥᒃᓈᓴᐃᓂᖅᓂᕆᐅᒋᔭᐅᔪᖅ ᐊᓯᐅᔾᔨᓂᖅᓂᕆᐅᒋᔭᐅᔪᖅ ᐊᑭᖓ ᐊᕐᓕᒃᓗᒍ ᐱᙳᐊᕈᑏᑦ ᑲᑎᑕᐅᓂᖏᓐᓄᑦ; ᐱᙳᐊᖅᑕᐅᓂᖓᓂ ᐅᕝᕙᓘᓐᓃᑦ ᐱᕕᒃᓴᕐᒥ ᐊᓯᐅᔾᔨᓂᖅ ᐊᔾᔨᒌᒃᑎᑕᐅᔪᖅ.ᐃᓘᓐᓇᖓ ᐅᖃᓕᒫᕐᓗᒍ → ᐊᓯᑦᑐᖅᑎᑦᓯᓂᖓ ᓇᓗᓇᐃᖅᑕᐅᓚᐅᖅᓯᒪᙱᑦᑐᖅ, ᐱᙳᐊᕈᑎ ᑮᓇᐅᔭᖏᑦ ᑲᑎᑕᐅᔪᑦ 37-ᒧᑦ ᐊᕕᒃᑕᐅᓪᓗᑎᒃ.

ᒪᓐᑎ ᑳᓗ ᕉᓚᑦ

ᐊᔾᔨᐅᖅᑕᐅᑎ · ᓚᐳᓯᐊᕐ

2,000 ᐱᙳᐊᖅᑕᐅᓂᖏᑦ ᐊᔾᔨᒌᒃᑐᒥᒃ ᐊᑭᓕᐅᑎᓕᒃ ᐱᙳᐊᕈᑎᓂᒃ, $1,000 ᐱᙳᐊᕈᑎᒃᓴᓂᑦ ᐱᒋᐊᕐᓗᓂ.

ᐱᒋᐊᕈᑎ ᐱᙳᐊᕈᑎ $10 · ᐱᙳᐊᕐᕕᐅᑉ ᑭᒡᓕᖓ $500 · 100 ᑲᐃᕙᕐᓃᑦ ᐱᙳᐊᖅᑕᐅᓂᖓᓂ

ᐱᙳᐊᖅᑕᐅᓂᖏᑦ ᐃᓱᓕᓐᓂᖏᑦ ᐊᕕᒃᓯᒪᓂᖏᑦᐊᓯᐅᔾᔨᓂᖅ ← | → ᑮᓇᐅᔭᒃᓴᕐᓂᖅ
−$1,000$0+$1,080
ᓇᑉᐸᖅᑐᖅ ᑐᓴᐅᒪᑎᓗᒍ · ᐊᐅᐸᓗᒃᑐᑦ ᐊᓯᐅᔾᔨᔪᑦ ᐱᙳᐊᖅᑕᐅᓂᖏᑦ, ᐅᔾᔪᐊᕌᔭᒃᑐᑦ ᐊᔪᒐᖅᑐᑦ, ᖃᐅᒻᒪᖅᓯᒪᔪᖅ $0-ᒥ ᐊᑯᓐᓂᐊᓃᑦᑐᖅ
ᐱᙳᐊᖅᑕᐅᓂᖏᑦ ᑮᓇᐅᔭᒃᓴᖅᑐᑦ
51.7%
ᐊᑯᓐᓂᐊᓃᑦᑐᖅ ᐃᓱᓕᓐᓂᖓ
+$115
ᐊᔾᔨᒌᒃᑎᑕᐅᔪᖅ ᐃᓱᓕᓐᓂᖓ
−$168.41
ᐃᓘᓐᓇᑎᒃ ᐊᓯᐅᔪᑦ
43.0%
5-ᖓ ᐳᓴᓐᑎᓪ
−$1,000
ᐱᙳᐊᕈᑎᒃᓴᐃᑦ ᒥᑭᓕᕐᓂᖏᑦ ᐊᖏᓛᖅ, ᐊᑯᓐᓂᖓ
−$915

ᖃᔅᓯᓪᓗᐊᖅᑐᒥᒃ ᐊᓯᐅᔾᔨᓃᑦ ᑐᓪᓕᖅᑐᑦ ᓴᖅᑭᕙᑦᑐᑦ

ᐊᔾᔨᒌᒃᑐᒥᒃ ᐊᑭᓕᐅᑎᓕᒃ ᐱᙳᐊᕈᑎ ᐊᑕᐅᓯᖅ ᓯᕉᓕᖕᒥ ᐊᒃᓴᓗᐊᕐᒥ ᐊᓯᐅᔾᔨᕙᑦᑐᖅ 19 ᑲᐃᕙᕐᓂᕐᓂ 37-ᓂ. ᑐᑭᓕᐊᑕᒫᑦ ᑕᑯᑎᑦᓯᔪᑦ ᐱᔪᓐᓇᕐᓂᕐᒥᒃ ᑲᐃᕙᕐᓃᑦ ᑐᓪᓕᖅᑐᑦ ᐃᓘᓐᓇᖏᑦ ᐊᓯᐅᔾᔨᓂᐊᕐᒪᖔᑕ, ᐊᒻᒪ ᖃᔅᓯᓂᒃ ᓚᐳᓯᐊᕐ ᐱᙳᐊᖅᑎᐅᑉ, ᐊᑐᓂᓕᐅᑎᒥᒃ 1 2 3 4 ᐱᒋᐊᖅᑐᑉ ᐊᓯᐅᔾᔨᑕᒫᒥᓪᓗ ᐱᙳᐊᕈᑎ ᑮᓇᐅᔭᖓᓂᒃ ᐃᓱᐊᓄᑦ ᑎᑎᕋᖅᑐᑉ, ᐊᓯᐅᔾᔨᓯᒪᓂᖓ ᑕᐃᑲᓂ.

ᐱᒋᐊᕈᑎ ᐱᙳᐊᕈᑎ
ᐊᓯᐅᔾᔨᓃᑦ ᑐᓪᓕᖅᑐᑦᐱᔪᓐᓇᕐᓂᖅᖃᓂᒋᔮᓂ 1 /ᒫᓐᓇᒧᑦ ᐊᓯᐅᔾᔨᓯᒪᔪᑦᑐᓪᓕᐊ ᐱᙳᐊᕈᑎ
151.4%2$5$6
226.4%4$11$7
313.5%7$18$8
47.0%14$26$9
53.6%28$35$10
61.8%55$45$11
70.94%106$56$12
80.48%207$68$13
90.25%403$81$14
100.13%784$95$15
110.065%1527$110$16
120.034%2974$126$17
130.017%5792$143$18
140.0089%11279$161$19
150.0046%21965$180$20

ᐱᔪᓐᓇᕐᓂᖅ ᑕᒪᓐᓇ 19/37 ᐃᒻᒥᓂᒃ ᐊᒥᓱᕆᐊᖅᑎᑕᐅᔪᖅ ᐊᓯᐅᔾᔨᓂᑕᒫᑦ, ᑲᐃᕙᕐᓂᕐᒥᑦ ᐊᑕᐅᓯᕐᒥᑦ ᓈᓴᐃᓪᓗᓂ. ᐊᑯᓂᐅᔪᖅ ᐱᙳᐊᖅᑕᐅᓂᖓ ᑲᐃᕙᕐᓂᖃᖅᑐᖅ ᐊᒥᓱᓂᒃ ᑕᒪᒃᑯᓂᖓ ᑐᓪᓕᖅᑐᑦ ᐱᒋᐊᕐᕕᒋᔪᓐᓇᖅᑕᖏᓐᓂᒃ, ᑕᐃᒪᓐᓇ ᐅᓐᓄᒃᑯᑦ ᐱᙳᐊᕐᓗᓂ ᑕᐃᒪᐃᓐᓂᖓ ᐱᔪᓐᓇᕐᓂᖅᓴᐅᓪᓚᕆᒃᑐᖅ ᑐᑭᓕᐊᖅ ᐊᑕᐅᓯᖅ ᑕᑯᑎᑦᓯᔭᖓᓂᑦ.

ᐊᐱᖅᑯᑏᑦ

ᓚᐳᓯᐊᕐ ᒫᑎᓐᒐᐃᓪᒥᑦ ᐱᐅᓂᖅᓴᐅᕙ?

ᐱᙳᐊᕈᑎ ᑮᓇᐅᔭᖏᑦ ᓱᒃᑲᐃᓐᓂᖅᓴᒥᒃ ᐊᖏᒡᓕᕙᒃᑐᑦ, ᑕᐃᒪᓐᓇᐃᑦᑐᖅ ᐊᓪᓚᕐᓂᖅ ᖃᓄᐃᓕᖓᔾᔮᙱᓂᖅᓴᐅᔪᖅ ᖁᒻᒧᐊᕐᓂᕐᓗ ᐊᑯᓂᓂᖅᓴᐅᓪᓗᓂ. ᓂᕆᐅᒋᔭᐅᔪᖅ ᐊᓯᐅᔾᔨᓂᖅ ᐊᑦᔨᐅᑎᒧᑦ ᐱᙳᐊᕈᑎᐅᔪᒧᑦ ᐊᔾᔨᒌᒃᑐᖅ.

ᐱᒋᐊᕐᓂᖓᓂ ᑎᑎᕋᖅᓯᒪᔪᑦ ᐱᐅᓛᑦ ᓱᓇᐅᕙᑦ?

ᓇᐃᑦᑐᑦ ᒥᑭᔪᓂᒃ ᓈᓴᐅᑎᓕᒃ. ᐱᙳᐊᕈᑎ ᑮᓇᐅᔭᖏᓐᓂᒃ ᐲᖅᓯᓂᕐᒧᓪᓗ ᐱᕕᒃᓴᒥᒃ ᑭᒡᓕᖃᖅᑎᑦᓯᔪᑦ; ᑳᓯᓅᑉ ᐃᓚᖓᓂᒃ ᐊᓯᑦᑐᖅᑎᑦᓯᙱᑦᑐᑦ.

ᑎᑎᕋᖅᓯᒪᔪᑦ ᐃᓱᓕᓚᐅᖅᑎᓐᓇᒋᑦ ᓄᖅᑲᕈᓐᓇᖅᐱᖓ?

ᐄ. ᐃᓱᓕᑦᑎᓂᕐᓯ ᑕᐃᑦᑐᒥ ᐱᕕᒃᓴᒥ ᑲᑎᑕᐅᔪᑦ ᑭᓯᐊᓂ.

ᓈᓴᐃᓂᕐᒥᒃ ᐱᙳᐊᕐᓂᖅ

ᓯᕗᓪᓕᐅᓪᓗᓂ ᐃᓕᖕᓂᒃ ᐆᒃᑐᕐᓗᑎᑦ. ᑭᐅᔾᔪᑏᑦ ᐃᓗᓕᖏᑦ ᒪᑐᔭᐅᓯᒪᔪᑦ; ᐅᐸᒍᓐᓇᕈᕕᑦ ᒪᑐᐃᖅᓯᓗᒍ.

  1. ᓇᓕᓐᓇᐅᙱᑦᑐᖅ ᓚᐳᓯᐊᕐᐸᕐᓇᐅᑎᓚᐳᓯᐊᕐᐲᖅᓯᓂᕐᒧᑦ ᐸᕐᓇᐅᑎ: ᓈᓴᐅᑏᑦ ᑐᑭᓕᐊᖓᓂᒃ ᑎᑎᕋᕐᓗᑎᑦ, ᐃᓱᖏᒃ ᒪᕐᕉᒃ ᑲᑎᓪᓗᒋᒃ ᐱᙳᐊᕈᑎᓕᐅᕐᓗᑎᑦ, ᐊᔪᒐᖅᑲᓂ ᐲᖅᓯᓗᒋᒃ, ᐊᓯᐅᔾᔨᒐᓂ ᐊᓯᐅᔾᔨᓯᒪᔭᕐᓂᒃ ᐃᓚᒋᐊᕐᓗᒍ.ᐃᓘᓐᓇᖓ ᐅᖃᓕᒫᕐᓗᒍ → ᐱᒋᐊᕐᓗᒍ 1 2 3 4 5-ᒥᒃ, ᑎᑭᓇᓱᒃᑕᖅ 15, ᓯᕗᓪᓕᖅᐹᓪᓗ ᓯᑕᒪᑦ ᐱᙳᐊᕈᑏᑦ ᐊᓯᐅᔾᔨᓗᒋᑦ. ᑐᓪᓕᖅᑲᑕᐅᔪᑦ ᖃᓄᐃᑦᑐᐃᑦ, ᖃᓄᑎᒋ ᐊᓯᐅᔾᔨᓯᒪᕕᑦ, ᑐᓪᓕᐊᓂᓗ ᐱᙳᐊᕈᑎ ᖃᓄᑎᒋᕙ?

    ᑭᐅᔾᔪᑎ ᑕᑯᓗᒍ

    ᑭᐅᔾᔪᑎ ᑐᓪᓕᖅᑲᑕᐅᔪᑦ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9, 30 ᐊᑦᔨᐅᑏᓂᒃᑮᓇᐅᔭᖅᐊᑦᔨᐅᑎᐸᕐᓇᐅᑎᐅᑉ ᐅᕝᕙᓘᓐᓃᑦ ᐱᙳᐊᖅᑎᐅᑉ ᑐᙵᕕᒋᔭᖓ ᐱᙳᐊᕈᑎ ᑮᓇᐅᔭᖓ. ᐊᓯᑦᑐᖅᐸᓪᓕᐊᓂᐅᔪᑦ ᐊᑦᔨᐅᑎᓄᑦ ᓇᓗᓇᐃᖅᑕᐅᕙᒃᑐᑦ, ᑕᐃᒪ ᓇᓕᐊᓂᑐᐃᓐᓇᖅ ᐱᙳᐊᕐᕕᒻᒥ ᐊᑐᕈᓐᓇᖁᓪᓗᒋᑦ.ᐃᓘᓐᓇᖓ ᐅᖃᓕᒫᕐᓗᒍ → ᐊᓯᐅᔾᔨᓯᒪᔪᑎᑦ, ᑐᓪᓕᐊᓂᓗ ᐱᙳᐊᕈᑎ 10.

    ᐱᙳᐊᕈᑏᑦ 1 + 5 = 6, ᑕᐃᒪ 1 + 6 = 7, 1 + 7 = 8 ᐊᒻᒪ 1 + 8 = 9. ᐊᓯᐅᔾᔨᓂᖅ ᑕᒪᐃᓐᓇ ᑐᓪᓕᖅᑲᑕᐅᔪᑦ ᐃᓱᐊᓄᑦ ᑎᑎᕋᖅᑕᐅᔪᖅ. ᒫᓐᓇᒧᑦ ᐊᓯᐅᔾᔨᓯᒪᔪᖅ: 6 + 7 + 8 + 9 = 30.

    ᑐᓪᓕᖅᑲᑕᐅᔪᑦ ᒫᓐᓇ ᑲᑎᓪᓗᒋᑦ 45: ᑎᑭᓇᓱᒃᑕᖅ 15 30-ᓗ ᐊᓯᐅᔭᐅᔪᑦ. ᐲᖅᓯᓂᖅ 15-ᒥᒃ ᐊᔪᒐᖅᑎᑦᓯᒋᐊᖅᑐᖅ. ᐊᔪᒐᕐᓂᖅ ᑕᒪᐃᓐᓇ ᒪᕐᕉᓂᒃ ᓈᓴᐅᑏᓂᒃ ᐲᖅᓯᔪᖅ, ᑕᐃᒪ ᑕᓪᓕᒪᓂᒃ ᐅᕝᕙᓘᓐᓃᑦ ᐅᖓᑖᓄᑦ ᐊᔪᒐᕐᓃᓂᒃ ᐱᔭᕆᐊᖃᖅᑐᖅ, 10 ᐊᑦᔨᐅᑎᓕᒻᒥᒃ ᐱᙳᐊᕈᑎᒥᒃ ᐱᒋᐊᖅᓯᓪᓗᓂ, ᐊᓯᐅᔾᔨᓂᕐᓗ ᑕᒪᐃᓐᓇ ᐊᑐᓂ ᑐᓪᓕᖅᑲᑕᐅᔪᓂᒃ ᑕᑭᒡᓕᒋᐊᖅᑎᑦᓯᒋᐊᖅᑐᖅ.

  2. ᐹᑦᓯᐊᓕ (Bartschelly) “Guaranteed Roulette System”-ᖓ 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2-ᒥᒃ ᐱᒋᐊᖅᓯᔪᖅ, ᑎᑭᓇᓱᒃᑕᖅ 15. ᐊᓯᐅᔾᔨᓂᖅ ᑭᖑᓂᐊᒍᑦ ᐊᓯᐅᔭᐅᔪᖅ ᐃᓱᐊᓄᑦ ᑎᑎᕋᖅᑕᐅᙱᑦᑐᖅ: ᑐᓪᓕᖅᑲᑕᐅᔪᑦ ᑭᖑᓪᓕᖅᐹᖏᓐᓄᑦ ᓈᓴᐅᑏᓄᑦ ᐊᑦᔨᐅᑎ ᐊᑦᔨᐅᑎᒧᑦ ᐃᓚᒋᐊᖅᑕᐅᔪᖅ. ᐱᖓᓱᑦ ᐱᙳᐊᕈᑏᑦ ᐊᓯᐅᔾᔨᓗᒋᑦ. ᑐᓪᓕᖅᑲᑕᐅᔪᑦ ᖃᓄᐃᑦᑐᐃᑦ, ᖃᓄᑎᒋ ᐊᓯᐅᔾᔨᓯᒪᕕᑦ, ᑐᓪᓕᐊᓂᓗ ᐱᙳᐊᕈᑎ ᖃᓄᑎᒋᕙ?

    ᑭᐅᔾᔪᑎ ᑕᑯᓗᒍ

    ᑭᐅᔾᔪᑎ ᑐᓪᓕᖅᑲᑕᐅᔪᑦ 1 1 1 1 1 3 4 5 5 5, 12 ᐊᑦᔨᐅᑏᓂᒃ ᐊᓯᐅᔾᔨᓯᒪᔪᑎᑦ, ᑐᓪᓕᐊᓂᓗ ᐱᙳᐊᕈᑎ 6, ᓇᓕᓐᓇᐅᙱᑦᑐᖅ ᓚᐳᓯᐊᕐ ᐊᔾᔨᖓᓂᒃ.

    ᓯᕗᓪᓕᖅ ᐱᙳᐊᕈᑎ: 1 + 2 = 3. ᐊᓯᐅᔾᔨᔪᖅ, 1 ᐊᑦᔨᐅᑎ ᑭᖑᓪᓕᖅᐹᓄᑦ ᐱᖓᓱᓄᑦ ᓈᓴᐅᑏᓄᑦ ᑕᒪᒃᑭᓐᓄᑦ ᐃᓚᒋᐊᖅᑕᐅᔪᖅ: 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 3 3 3.

    ᒪᕐᕉᖓ ᐱᙳᐊᕈᑎ: 1 + 3 = 4. ᐊᓯᐅᔾᔨᔪᖅ: 1 1 1 1 1 2 3 4 4 4.

    ᐱᖓᔪᐊᖓ ᐱᙳᐊᕈᑎ: 1 + 4 = 5. ᐊᓯᐅᔾᔨᔪᖅ: 1 1 1 1 1 3 4 5 5 5. ᐊᓯᐅᔭᐅᔪᖅ: 3 + 4 + 5 = 12, ᑐᓪᓕᖅᑲᑕᐅᔪᓪᓗ ᑲᑎᓪᓗᒋᑦ 27.

    ᓇᓕᓐᓇᐅᙱᑦᑐᖅ ᓚᐳᓯᐊᕐ ᐊᔾᔨᒌᒃᑐᒥᑦ ᐱᒋᐊᕐᓂᕐᒥᑦ ᑐᓪᓕᖅᑲᑕᐅᔪᓂᒃ 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 3 4 5-ᒥᒃ ᐱᖃᕐᓂᐊᖅᑐᖅ, ᐊᒻᒪᑦᑕᐅᖅ ᑲᑎᓪᓗᒋᑦ 27, ᐊᔾᔨᒌᒃᑐᒥᒡᓗ ᑐᓪᓕᐊᓂ ᐱᙳᐊᕈᑎᒥᒃ 6-ᒥᒃ. ᑐᓪᓕᖅᑲᑕᐅᔪᑦ ᖁᓕᓂᒃ ᓈᓴᐅᑏᓂᒃ ᑕᑭᓂᖃᕐᒥᔪᑦ, ᐃᓱᒪᒋᔭᐅᔪᓐᓇᖅᑐᖅ ᐃᓱᒫᓗᒃᑕᐅᔭᕆᐊᖃᙱᓐᓂᖓ, ᐱᙳᐊᕈᑏᓕ ᐊᖏᓕᒋᐊᕐᒥᔪᑦ.

  3. ᓚᐳᓯᐊᕐ ᐱᙳᐊᖅᑐᑎᑦ ᑐᓪᓕᖅᑲᑕᐅᔪᓂᒃ 1 2 3 4-ᒥᒃ. ᒫᓐᓇᒧᑦ 12 ᐱᙳᐊᕈᑏᑦ ᐊᓯᐅᔾᔨᓯᒪᔭᑎᑦ ᑐᓪᓕᖅᑲᑕᐅᔪᓪᓗ ᐲᖅᑕᐅᓚᐅᙱᑦᑐᑦ. ᖃᑦᓯᓂᒃ ᐊᔪᒐᕐᓃᓂᒃ ᑲᑎᓪᓗᒋᑦ ᐱᔭᕆᐊᖃᖅᐸ? 13-ᓂᒃ ᐊᓯᐅᔾᔨᓯᒪᒍᕕᑦ?

    ᑭᐅᔾᔪᑎ ᑕᑯᓗᒍ

    ᑭᐅᔾᔪᑎ 8 ᐊᔪᒐᕐᓃᑦ 12 ᐊᓯᐅᔾᔨᓃᓂᒃ, 9 ᐊᔪᒐᕐᓃᑦ 13-ᓂᒃ. ᓇᓕᐊᒍᑦ ᑐᓪᓕᖅᑲᑕᐅᔪᑦ 10 ᐊᑦᔨᐅᑏᓂᒃ ᑮᓇᐅᔭᒃᓴᖅᓯᓪᓗᑎᒃ ᐃᓱᓕᑦᑎᔪᑦ, ᐱᙳᐊᕈᑎᑎᑦ ᓇᑉᐸᖓᓂᑦ ᒥᑭᓂᖅᓴᐃᑦ ᐊᔪᒐᖅᓯᒪᒐᓗᐊᖅᑎᓪᓗᒋᑦ.

    ᑐᓪᓕᖅᑲᑕᐅᔪᓂ ᓈᓴᐅᑏᑦ ᓈᓴᕐᓗᒋᑦ. 4-ᒥᒃ ᐱᒋᐊᖅᑐᑦ. ᐊᓯᐅᔾᔨᓂᖅ ᑕᒪᐃᓐᓇ ᐊᑕᐅᓯᕐᒥᒃ ᑎᑎᕋᖅᓯᔪᖅ; ᐊᔪᒐᕐᓂᖅ ᑕᒪᐃᓐᓇ ᒪᕐᕉᓂᒃ ᐲᖅᓯᔪᖅ, ᐅᕝᕙᓘᓐᓃᑦ ᑭᖑᓪᓕᖅᐹᖅ ᐊᑕᐅᓯᐊᓗᒃ ᐱᑕᖃᖅᐸᑦ. W ᐊᔪᒐᕐᓃᑦ L-ᓗ ᐊᓯᐅᔾᔨᓃᑦ ᑭᖑᓂᐊᒍᑦ, 4 + L − 2W ᐱᑕᖃᖅᑐᑦ, ᑕᐃᒪ ᑐᓪᓕᖅᑲᑕᐅᔪᑦ ᐲᔭᐅᔪᑦ 2W 4 + L-ᒧᑦ ᑎᑭᑕᐃᓐᓇᖅᑎᓪᓗᒍ.

    12 ᐊᓯᐅᔾᔨᓃᑦ: 2W 16-ᒧᑦ ᑎᑭᑦᑐᖃᕆᐊᖃᖅᑐᖅ, ᑕᐃᒪ 8 ᐊᔪᒐᕐᓃᑦ, ᑲᑎᓪᓗᒋᑦ 20 ᐱᙳᐊᕈᑏᑦ. 13 ᐊᓯᐅᔾᔨᓃᑦ: 2W 17-ᒧᑦ ᑎᑭᑦᑐᖃᕆᐊᖃᖅᑐᖅ, ᑕᐃᒪ 9 ᐊᔪᒐᕐᓃᑦ, 22 ᐱᙳᐊᕈᑏᑦ.

    ᐊᔪᒐᕐᓃᑦ ᐊᓯᐅᔾᔨᓃᓪᓗ ᑐᓪᓕᖅᑲᑕᐅᓂᖏᑦ ᑐᓪᓕᖅᑲᑕᐅᔪᑦ ᓇᒧᑦ ᐃᓱᓕᑦᑎᓂᐊᕐᒪᖔᑕ ᐊᓯᑦᑐᖅᓯᙱᑦᑐᑦ, ᐃᓱᓕᑦᑎᓯᒪᔪᓪᓗ ᑐᓪᓕᖅᑲᑕᐅᔪᑦ ᑕᒪᑦᑕᐃᓐᓇ ᐱᒋᐊᕐᕕᐅᔪᑦ ᑐᓪᓕᖅᑲᑕᐅᔪᑦ ᑲᑎᑕᐅᓂᖏᓐᓂᒃ ᐊᑭᓕᖅᐸᒃᑐᑦ, ᑕᒫᓂ 10 ᐊᑦᔨᐅᑏᑦ. ᑕᐃᒪᐃᒻᒪᑦ ᐸᕐᓇᐅᑎ ᐊᐅᓚᑦᑎᐊᖅᑑᔮᖅᑐᖅ ᐊᓯᐅᔾᔨᑲᑕᓐᓂᖅᓴᐅᒐᓗᐊᖅᑎᓪᓗᑎᑦ. ᑐᓪᓕᖅᑲᑕᐅᓂᖏᓪᓕ ᐊᓯᑦᑐᖅᓯᔪᑦ ᐱᙳᐊᕈᑏᑦ ᐊᖏᓂᖏᓐᓂᒃ ᐊᑐᓂ: ᐊᓯᐅᔾᔨᓃᑦ ᐊᒥᓱᐃᑦ ᑐᓪᓕᖅᑲᑕᐅᔪᑦ ᐱᙳᐊᕈᑏᑦ ᐅᖓᑖᓄᑦ ᐊᓪᓗᐊᕆᐊᖅᑎᑦᓯᔪᓐᓇᖅᑐᑦ ᐱᙳᐊᕈᑎᒃᓴᑎᑦᑮᓇᐅᔭᖅᐱᙳᐊᕈᑎᒃᓴᐃᑦᑮᓇᐅᔭᑦ ᐃᓘᓐᓇᖏᑦ ᐱᙳᐊᕐᓂᕐᒧᑦ ᐊᕕᒃᓯᒪᔭᐅᔪᑦ. ᐱᙳᐊᕈᑎᒃᓴᓂᒃ ᐊᐅᓚᑦᓯᓂᖅ ᑐᑭᖃᖅᑐᖅ ᖃᔅᓯᑦ ᐱᙳᐊᕈᑎ ᐊᑐᓂ ᐱᙳᐊᖅᑕᐅᓂᖓᓂᓗ ᐊᑐᓂ ᐊᓯᐅᔪᓐᓇᖅᑕᐅᓂᐊᕐᒪᖔᑕ ᐃᓱᒪᓕᐅᕐᓂᕐᒥᒃ.ᐃᓘᓐᓇᖓ ᐅᖃᓕᒫᕐᓗᒍ → ᐅᕝᕙᓘᓐᓃᑦ ᐱᙳᐊᕐᕕᐅᑉ ᑭᒡᓕᖓᑕᐱᙳᐊᕐᕕᒃᐱᙳᐊᕐᕕᐅᑉ ᑭᒡᓕᖓᐱᙳᐊᕈᑎ ᒥᑭᓛᖅ ᐊᖏᓛᕐᓗ ᐊᖏᖅᑕᐅᔪᑦ. ᐊᖏᓛᖅ ᒪᕐᕉᕆᐊᖅᑎᑦᓯᔪᑦ ᐊᓯᑦᑐᖅᐸᓪᓕᐊᓂᐅᔪᑦ ᓄᖅᑲᖅᑎᑦᑕᖏᑦ.ᐃᓘᓐᓇᖓ ᐅᖃᓕᒫᕐᓗᒍ → ᐊᔪᒐᕐᓃᑦ ᑎᑭᓚᐅᙱᓐᓂᖏᓐᓂ (ᐃᑉᔅᑕᐃᓐ, Epstein, 2013).

ᐃᓪᓗᕐᓇᖅᑐᖅ ᐊᔾᔨᓕᐊᖅ

ᑎᑎᕋᖅᓯᒪᔪᑦ ᐊᒥᓱᐊᕐᓗᒍ ᐲᖅᐸᒃᑐᑦ. ᐊᒥᓱᐊᕐᓗᒍ ᑕᒪᐃᓐᓂᐅᙱᑦᑐᖅ.

ᑎᑎᕋᖅᓯᒪᔪᑦ ᐊᒥᓱᐊᕐᓗᒍ ᐲᖅᐸᒃᑐᑦ. ᐊᒥᓱᐊᕐᓗᒍ ᑕᒪᐃᓐᓂᐅᙱᑦᑐᖅ.

ᐱᕝᕕᒋᔭᐅᔪᑦ

  1. RouletteDoc. Strategy description and examples. https://roulettedoc.com/strategy/labouchere-betting-system
  2. Roulette77. Strategy description and examples. https://roulette77.us/strategies/labouchere
  3. Roulette77. Reverse Labouchere description. https://roulette77.us/strategies/reverse-labouchere
  4. Ethier, S. N. The Doctrine of Chances: Probabilistic Aspects of Gambling. Springer, 2010. 13-ᖓ ᐃᓚᖓ, ᕉᓚᑦ.
  5. Epstein, R. A. The Theory of Gambling and Statistical Logic, 2nd ed. Academic Press, 2013.
  6. Wykes, A. The Complete Illustrated Guide to Gambling. Doubleday, 1964.
  7. Leigh, N. Thirteen Against the Bank. 1976.
  8. Goldman, N. Great Gambling Scams. John Blake, 2007.
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