ᐹᑦ ᕼᐊᒻᐳᕐᒡ ᐃᒥᖅᑕᕐᕕᓪᓗ ᑳᓯᓅᑦ
ᓇᓂ ᐊᑕᐅᓯᖅ ᓯᕉ ᐃᓅᓚᐅᖅᐸ, ᓱᒻᒪᓪᓗ ᐃᒥᖅᑕᕐᕕᐃᑦ ᑳᓯᓄᖃᓚᐅᖅᐸᑦ.
1840-ᖏᓐᓂ ᔮᒪᓂ ᐃᒥᖅᑕᕐᕕᖏᑦ ᓄᓇᓖᑦ ᐹᑕᓐ-ᐹᑕᓐ (Baden-Baden), ᕖᔅᐹᑕᓐ (Wiesbaden) ᐹᑦ ᕼᐊᒻᐳᕐᒡᓗ (Bad Homburg) ᐊᔪᕆᐅᖃᑎᒌᒃᑐᑦ ᑮᓇᐅᔭᖃᖅᑐᓂᒃ ᐳᓛᕆᐊᖅᑐᓂᒃ ᑳᓯᓄᓂᒃ ᐃᒥᖅᑕᕐᕕᖕᓄᑦ ᐊᑦᑐᐊᔪᓂᒃ. ᕼᐊᒻᐳᕐᒡ ᕉᓚᑦᒧᑦ ᐊᔪᕆᐅᖅᓯᐅᑎᒥᒃ ᐊᔪᒐᖅᑐᖅ ᓯᕉᒥᒃ ᐲᖅᓯᓪᓗᓂ. ᐳᕈᓯᐊ 1872-ᒥ ᑕᒪᐃᓐᓂᒃ ᒪᑐᐃᖅᓯᔪᖅ.
ᐃᒥᖅᑕᕐᕕᒻᒥ ᐃᓗᐊᖅᓴᐃᓂᖅ
19-ᖓᓂ ᐊᕐᕌᒍᐃᑦ ᑕᑕᑎᒐᖏᓐᓂ ᐃᒥᖅᑕᕐᕕᒻᒥ ᐃᓗᐊᖅᓴᐃᓂᖅ ᐱᓇᓱᐊᕈᓰᓐᓂᒃ ᐊᑯᓂᐅᔪᖅ, ᑮᓇᐅᔭᖃᖅᑐᓂᒃ ᐱᕕᖃᖅᑐᓂᒡᓗ ᑎᑭᐅᑎᑦᓯᔪᖅ. ᓄᓇᓖᑦ ᐊᔪᕆᐅᖃᑎᒌᒃᑐᑦ ᑐᔪᕐᒥᕕᖕᓂᒃ, ᐃᖏᐊᕐᓂᕐᓂᒃ, 1820-ᖏᓐᓂᓪᓗ ᐱᙳᐊᕐᕕᖕᓂᒃ, ᔮᒪᓂ ᒐᕙᒪᕋᓛᖏᓐᓂ ᑮᓇᐅᔭᑦᑕᕆᐊᖃᖅᑐᓂ ᐱᔪᓐᓇᐅᑎᓕᐅᖅᑕᐅᔪᓂᒃ. ᐹᑕᓐ-ᐹᑕᓐ ᑰᕐᕼᐊᐅᔅᖓ (Kurhaus) ᕖᔅᐹᑕᓐ ᑰᕐᕼᐊᐅᔅᖓᓗ ᕉᓚᑦᒥᒃ ᑐᕌᓐᑦ-ᐃ-ᑲᕌᓐᑦᒥᓪᓗ (trente-et-quarante) ᐊᐅᓚᑦᓯᔪᑦ ᓄᓇᕐᔪᐊᓕᒫᒥ ᐳᓛᕆᐊᖅᑐᓄᑦ; ᕖᓇᓯᐅᑦ, ᓇᒻᒥᓂᖅ ᑳᓯᓅᖏᑦ 1837-ᒥᑦ ᐱᔭᐅᔪᓐᓇᐃᖅᑎᑕᐅᓯᒪᒻᒪᑕ, ᐅᓄᖅᑐᑦ ᑎᑭᑦᑐᑦ.
ᕼᐊᒻᐳᕐᒡ ᐊᑭᑭᓪᓕᖅᓯᓂᖓ
ᐹᑦ ᕼᐊᒻᐳᕐᒡ ᒥᑭᓂᖅᓴᐅᔪᖅ ᑭᖑᓂᖅᓴᐅᔪᖅᓗ. ᐳᓛᓐ (Blanc) ᐃᓐᓂᑦ 1841-ᒥ ᐱᔪᓐᓇᐅᑎᒥᒃ ᐱᔪᑦ 1843-ᒥᓗ ᐊᑕᐅᓯᕐᒥᒃ ᓯᕉᓕᒻᒥᒃᐊᒃᓴᓗᐊᖅᓯᕉᐊᑕᐅᓯᖅ ᐅᔾᔪᐊᕌᔭᒃ ᐃᓂ ᐊᔾᔨᒌᒃᑐᒥᒃ ᐊᑭᓕᐅᑎᓕᖕᓄᑦ, ᑕᓴᓐᓄᑦ ᓇᑉᐸᖅᑐᓄᓪᓘᓐᓃᑦ ᐱᙳᐊᕈᑏᑦ ᐃᓚᐅᑎᙱᑕᖓ; ᑳᓯᓅᑉ ᐃᓚᖓᑕ ᐱᓇᓪᓗᑎᖓ. ᐊᓯᐊᓂ ᐊᑎᖏᑦ: ᐊᑕᐅᓯᖅ ᓯᕉ, 0.ᐃᓘᓐᓇᖓ ᐅᖃᓕᒫᕐᓗᒍ → ᐊᒃᓴᓗᐊᒥᒃ ᓂᐅᕕᖅᑎᑦᓯᓇᓱᐊᕈᑎᓕᐅᖅᑐᑦ: ᑳᓯᓅᑉ ᐃᓚᖓᓈᓴᐃᓂᖅᑳᓯᓅᑉ ᐃᓚᖓᐱᙳᐊᕈᑎ ᐊᑐᓂ ᑳᓯᓅᑉ ᐊᔾᔨᒌᒃᑎᓪᓗᒋᑦ ᐱᓯᒪᓂᖅᓴᖅᑕᖓ: ᐃᐅᕌᐸ ᕉᓚᑦᒥ 2.70%.ᐃᓘᓐᓇᖓ ᐅᖃᓕᒫᕐᓗᒍ → ᐊᕝᕙᖓᓄᑦ ᒥᑭᓕᖅᑐᖅ 5.26%-ᒥᑦ 2.70%-ᒧᑦ, ᓂᐅᕕᖅᑎᑦᓯᓇᓱᐊᕈᑏᓪᓗ ᑕᐃᒪᐃᓐᓂᖓᓂᒃ ᐅᖃᐅᓯᖃᖅᑐᑦ. ᐱᙳᐊᖅᑏᑦ ᓅᑦᑐᑦ. ᐊᕐᕌᒍᐃᑦ ᖁᓕᑦ ᐃᓗᐊᓂ ᕼᐊᒻᐳᕐᒡ ᐃᒥᖅᑕᕐᕕᒃ ᐱᐅᒋᔭᐅᓛᖑᓕᖅᑐᖅ ᐳᓛᓐᓗ ᕼᐊᓯᒥ (Hesse) ᑮᓇᐅᔭᖃᓛᖑᓕᖅᑐᖅ. ᐊᔪᕆᐅᖃᑎᖏᑦ ᑭᖑᓪᓕᕐᒥ ᐊᑕᐅᓯᕐᒥᒃ ᓯᕉᓕᐅᖅᑐᑦ, ᑭᓯᐊᓂ ᑕᐃᑦᓱᒪ ᐊᑎᖓ ᑐᓴᐅᒪᔭᐅᓕᖅᓯᒪᔪᖅ.
ᑕᔅᑐᐃᐊᕝᔅᑭ
ᕗᔫᑐᕐ ᑕᔅᑐᐃᐊᕝᔅᑭ (Fyodor Dostoevsky) 1860-ᖏᓐᓂ ᕖᔅᐹᑕᓐᒥ ᕼᐊᒻᐳᕐᒡᒥᓗ ᐊᒥᓱᓂᒃ ᐊᓯᐅᔾᔨᔪᖅ, ᓄᓕᐊᒥ ᓴᕝᕙᓂᓂᒃ ᑐᓂᓯᓪᓗᓂ ᑮᓇᐅᔭᑦᑖᕐᓗᓂ, The Gambler-ᒥᒡᓗ (1866) 26 ᐅᓪᓗᓂ ᑎᑎᕋᖅᑐᓂ ᐅᖃᓕᒫᒐᓕᐅᖅᑎᒥᒃ ᐊᑭᓕᐅᓂᐊᕐᓗᓂ. ᐅᓂᒃᑳᑉ ᕉᓚᑦᑕᓐᐳᕐᒡ (Roulettenburg) ᐃᒥᖅᑕᕐᕕᐃᑦ ᑲᑐᔾᔨᖅᑕᐅᓂᖏᑦ, ᐱᙳᐊᕐᕖᓪᓗ, ᐸᕐᓇᐅᑏᑦ ᐱᙳᐊᕆᐊᖃᓗᐊᕐᓂᕐᓗ ᓇᓗᓇᐃᖅᑕᐅᓂᖏᑦ ᕉᓚᑦᒥᒃ ᐅᓂᒃᑳᓂ ᐱᐅᓛᖑᔪᑦ. 1871-ᒥ ᑮᓇᐅᔭᓂᒃ ᐱᙳᐊᕐᓂᕐᒥᒃ ᓄᖅᑲᖅᑐᖅ, ᐊᕐᕌᒍ ᐊᑕᐅᓯᖅ ᐱᙳᐊᕐᕖᑦ ᒪᑐᔭᐅᓚᐅᖏᓐᓂᖏᓐᓂ.
1872
ᑲᑐᔾᔨᖅᑕᐅᓂᖓᑕ ᑭᖑᓂᖓᓂ, ᐳᕈᓯᐊ ᔮᒪᓂ ᑳᓯᓅᖏᓐᓂᒃ ᑕᒪᐃᓐᓂᒃ ᒪᑐᐃᖅᓯᔪᖅ; ᑭᖑᓪᓕᖅᐹᑦ ᐱᙳᐊᕐᕖᑦ ᕼᐊᒻᐳᕐᒡᒥ ᐹᑕᓐ-ᐹᑕᓐᒥᓗ ᒪᑐᔭᐅᔪᑦ 1872-ᒥ ᐊᕐᕌᒍ ᓄᑖᖅ ᐅᓐᓄᐊᖓᓂ. ᐳᓛᓐ ᐱᓕᕆᐊᖓ 1863-ᒥ ᒪᓇᑯᒧᑦ ᓅᓚᐅᖅᓯᒪᓕᖅᑐᖅ, ᐊᑕᐅᓯᖅ ᓯᕉ ᐊᑐᐃᓐᓇᖅᑎᓪᓗᒍ. ᔮᒪᓂ ᐃᒥᖅᑕᕐᕕᖏᑦ ᑳᓯᓅᖏᓐᓂᒃ ᒪᑐᐃᖅᓯᐊᓘᖅᑐᑦ 20-ᖓᓂ ᐊᕐᕌᒍᐃᑦ ᑕᑕᑎᒐᖏᓐᓂ (ᐹᑕᓐ-ᐹᑕᓐ 1933-ᒥ, ᕼᐊᒻᐳᕐᒡ ᕖᔅᐹᑕᓐᓗ ᐊᔪᕆᐅᖅᓯᐅᑎ ᑭᖑᓂᖓᓂ) ᐅᓪᓗᒥᒧᑦ ᐊᑕᐅᓯᖅ ᓯᕉ ᕉᓚᑦᒥᒃ ᐊᐅᓚᑦᓯᔪᑦ, ᕖᓇᓯ ᒪᓕᒐᖏᓐᓂᒃ ᕼᐊᒻᐳᕐᒡ ᐊᑐᒐᔪᒃᑕᐅᓕᖅᑎᑦᓯᔭᖏᓐᓂᒃ.
ᐃᒥᖅᑕᕐᕖᑦ ᐊᓂᒍᐃᖅᑕᖏᑦ
ᐊᑕᐅᓯᖅ ᓯᕉ ᐊᒃᓴᓗᐊᖅ, ᑳᓯᓄ ᐳᓛᕆᐊᕐᕕᐅᑉ ᐃᓚᖓᑎᑐᑦ, ᐃᓱᒪᒋᔭᐅᓪᓗᓂᓗ ᑳᓯᓄ ᐊᑭᖓᒍᑦ ᐊᔪᕆᐅᖃᑎᒌᒃᑐᖅ. ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐅᓂᒃᑳᓂ ᕉᓚᑦᒥ ᐱᙳᐊᖅᑎ: ᑕᔅᑐᐃᐊᕝᔅᑭ ᐊᓕᒃᓯᐊᐃᖓ, ᑐᕐᒐᓂᐊᕝ ᑕᑯᓯᒪᔭᖏᑦ, ᐊᕐᕌᒍᐃᓪᓗ ᕼᐊᓐᑐᕆᑦ ᐅᓂᒃᑳᑦ ᐃᒥᖅᑕᕐᕕᒻᒥ ᑳᓯᓄᒥ ᑮᓇᐅᔭᑦ ᐅᕝᕙᓘᓐᓃᑦ ᑐᓴᐅᒪᔭᐅᓂᖅ ᐊᓯᐅᔾᔨᕝᕕᐅᓂᖓᓂᒃ. ᓈᓴᐃᓂᖅ ᖃᖓᓕᒫᖅ 2.70%; ᐃᒥᖅᑕᕐᕖᑦ ᐃᓂᒃᓴᒥᒃ ᑐᓂᓯᔪᑦ.
ᐊᐱᖅᑯᑏᑦ
ᐄ. ᑰᕐᕼᐊᐅᔅ ᑳᓯᓄ 1933-ᒥ ᒪᑐᐃᖅᑕᐅᐊᓘᖅᑐᖅ ᐊᑕᐅᓯᖅ ᓯᕉ ᕉᓚᑦᒥᒃ ᕖᓇᓯ ᒪᓕᒐᖏᓐᓂᒃ ᐊᐅᓚᑦᓯᔪᖅ.
ᓯᕗᓪᓕᖅᐹᖅ ᒪᓕᒐᒃᓴᖅᑎᑦᓯᔪᖅ ᓂᐅᕕᖅᑎᑦᓯᓇᓱᐊᕈᑎᓕᐅᖅᑐᖅᓗ. ᐊᑕᐅᓯᖅ ᓯᕉ ᐊᒃᓴᓗᐊᐃᑦ ᐊᒥᖅᑯᑦ ᓯᕗᓂᐊᓂ ᐊᑐᖅᑕᐅᓯᒪᔪᓐᓇᖅᑐᑦ.
ᐱᐅᔪᒧᑦ ᐱᐅᙱᑦᑐᒧᓪᓗ ᒐᕙᒪᓕᕆᓂᖅ, ᑲᑐᔾᔨᖅᑕᐅᓯᒪᔪᖅᓗ ᒐᕙᒪ ᒐᕙᒪᕋᓛᓂ ᐱᙳᐊᕐᕕᖕᓂᑦ ᑮᓇᐅᔭᓂᒃ ᐱᔭᕆᐊᖃᙱᑦᑐᖅ.
ᐃᓪᓗᕐᓇᖅᑐᖅ ᐊᔾᔨᓕᐊᖅ
ᐃᒥᖅᑕᕐᕖᑦ ᑕᒪᕐᒥᒃ ᐊᔪᕆᐅᖃᑎᒌᒃᑐᑦ. ᕼᐊᒻᐳᕐᒡ ᓯᕉᒃᑯᑦ ᐊᔪᕆᐅᖃᑎᒌᒃᑐᖅ.
ᐱᕝᕕᒋᔭᐅᔪᑦ
- Schwartz, D. G. Roll the Bones: The History of Gambling.
- Kavanagh, T. M. Dice, Cards, Wheels: A Different History of French Culture.