ᕉᓚᑦ: ᐱᐅᓯᑐᖃᖓ
ᕉᓚᑦ: ᐱᐅᓯᑐᖃᖓ ᐊᓂᒍᐃᔪᖅ ᐊᐅᓚᓂᕐᒧᑦ ᖃᐅᔨᓴᕐᓂᕐᒥᒃ ᐊᔪᕐᓯᒪᔪᒥᒃ, ᐸᐃᕆᔅᒥ ᐱᙳᐊᕐᕕᖕᒥᒃ, ᓄᑲᖃᑎᒌᖕᓂᒃ ᒪᕐᕉᖕᓂᒃ ᔮᒪᓂᒥ ᐃᒥᖅᑕᕐᕕᖕᒥ ᓄᓇᓕᖕᒥ, ᑳᓯᓄᒥᒡᓗ ᐊᑕᐅᓯᕐᒥᒃ ᐅᔾᔪᐊᕌᔭᒃ ᐃᓂᒥᒃ ᐃᐅᕌᐸᐅᑉ ᐊᑐᒐᔪᒃᑕᖓᓂᒃ ᓴᓇᔪᒥᒃ.
ᐊᒃᓴᓗᐊᖅ ᓴᓇᔭᐅᓚᐅᖏᓐᓂᖓᓂ
- 1654
ᐸᓯᑲᓪ (Pascal) ᕙᕐᒫᓗ (Fermat): ᐱᙳᐊᕈᑎᑦ ᐊᕕᒃᑕᐅᓂᖏᑦ ᐊᐱᖅᑯᑎ; ᓂᕆᐅᒋᔭᐅᔪᖅ ᐊᑭᖓ.
ᕉᓚᑦ: ᓂᕆᐅᒋᔭᐅᔪᖅ ᐊᑭᖓ - 1655ᐊᒃᓴᓗᐊᖅ ᑐᕌᒐᖃᙱᑦᑐᖅ
ᐳᓖᔅ ᐸᓯᑲᓪ, ᓄᖅᑲᖃᑦᑕᙱᑦᑐᒥᒃ ᐊᐅᓚᔪᒥᒃ ᓴᓇᕐᕈᑎᒥᒃ ᕿᓂᖅᓗᓂ, ᐊᒃᓴᓗᐊᕐᒥᒃ ᓈᒻᒪᑦᑎᐊᖅᑐᒥᒃ ᑲᐃᕙᖅᑐᒥᒃ ᓴᓇᔪᖅ. ᓴᓇᕐᕈᑎ ᐊᔪᕐᓯᒪᔪᖅ; ᐊᒃᓴᓗᐊᕐᓗ ᐱᑕᖃᐃᓐᓇᖅᑐᖅ ᐊᑕᖃᓂᒃ ᓯᓚᒃᑕᐃᓐᓇᖅᑐᖅ, ᐱᔪᓐᓇᕐᓂᐅᔭᖅᑐᒥᒃ ᐊᐅᓚᔪᖅ ᓴᓇᕐᕈᑎᐅᓪᓗᓂ.
ᐸᓯᑲᓪ: ᕉᓚᑦ ᐊᒃᓴᓗᐊᖓᑕ ᐅᓂᒃᑳᑐᐊᖓ - 1657
ᕼᐊᐃᒡᔅ (Huygens) ᓯᕗᓪᓕᖅᐹᒥᒃ ᓂᕆᐅᒋᔭᐅᔪᒥᒃ ᑎᑎᕋᖅᓯᒪᔪᒥᒃ ᓴᖅᑭᑦᑎᔪᖅ.
- 1713
ᔭᑲᑉ ᐸᕐᓄᓕ (Jakob Bernoulli), Ars Conjectandi: ᐊᒥᓱᑦ ᓈᓴᐅᑏᑦ ᒪᓕᒐᖓ.
ᐊᑯᓂᐅᓂᖅᓴᒥ ᐊᔾᔨᒌᓕᕐᓂᖅ: ᕉᓚᑦᒥ ᐊᒥᓱᑦ ᓈᓴᐅᑏᑦ ᒪᓕᒐᖓ - 1740-ᖏᓐᓂᕉᓕ-ᐳᓕ E.O.-ᓗ
ᖃᓪᓗᓈᑦ ᐱᙳᐊᕐᕕᖏᑦ ᐊᒃᓴᓗᐊᓂᒃ ᑲᐃᕙᑦᑎᕙᒃᑐᑦ ᐊᕕᒃᑕᐅᔪᓐᓇᖅᑐᓂᒃ ᐊᕕᒃᑕᐅᔪᓐᓇᙱᑦᑐᓂᒡᓗ ᐃᓂᓖᑦ. ᐱᙳᐊᕐᓃᑦ ᐊᒥᓱᐊᓗᒃᑯᑦ ᓄᖅᑲᖅᑎᑕᐅᔪᑦ, ᑕᐃᒪ ᐊᔾᔨᒋᙱᑦᑐᑦ ᐃᐅᕌᐸᐅᑉ ᓄᓇᖓᓄᑦ ᓅᑦᑕᐅᔪᑦ.
ᑭᓇ ᕉᓚᑦ ᓴᓇᓚᐅᖅᐸᐅᒃ? ᕉᓚᑦ ᓇᑭᙶᕐᓂᖓ - 1754
ᑕᓚᒻᐱᐅᕐ (d’Alembert) ᐃᓱᒪᒋᓗᐊᖅᑕᒥᓂᒃ ᓴᖅᑭᑦᑎᔪᖅ, ᑭᖑᓂᐊᒍᑦ ᐸᕐᓇᐅᑎᒥᒃ ᐊᑎᖓᓄᑦ ᐊᑎᖅᑖᖅᑐᒥᒃ.
ᑕᓚᒻᐱᐅᕐ ᐸᕐᓇᐅᑎ ᕉᓚᑦᒥ - 1758
ᓄᑖᖅ ᕖᓇᓯ (ᑯᐸᐃᒃ) ᐱᔭᐅᔪᓐᓇᐃᖅᑎᑦᓯᔪᖅ ᑕᐃᔅᓂᒃ, ᕼᐅᑲ, ᕙᐊᕈ “ᕉᓚᑦ”-ᓗ: ᑮᓇᐅᔭᓂᒃ ᐱᙳᐊᕐᓂᕐᒧᑦ ᐊᑎᐅᑉ ᓯᕗᓪᓕᖅᐹᖑᔪᑦ ᑎᑎᕋᖅᓯᒪᓂᖏᓐᓂ ᐃᓚᖓ.
- 1760-ᖏᓐᓂ
“ᒫᑎᓐᒐᐃᓪ” ᕖᓇᓯ ᐅᖃᐅᓰᑦ ᓇᓗᓇᐃᖅᓯᒪᔪᓄᑦ ᐃᓕᔭᐅᔪᖅ ᑮᓇᐅᔭᓂᒃ ᐱᙳᐊᖅᑏᑦ ᐅᖃᐅᓯᖓᑎᑐᑦ.
ᒫᑎᓐᒐᐃᓪ ᐸᕐᓇᐅᑎ ᕉᓚᑦᒥ
ᐱᙳᐊᕐᓂᖅ
- 1796ᐸᐃᕆᔅ, ᐸᓚᐃ-ᕉᔭᓪ
ᔮᒃ ᓛᐳᓕᐅᑉ (Jaques Lablée) ᐅᓂᒃᑳᖓ La Roulette ᓇᓗᓇᐃᖅᓯᔪᖅ ᐊᒃᓴᓗᐊᕐᒥᒃ ᑳᓯᓅᑉ ᐃᓂᖏᓐᓂᒃ ᒪᕐᕉᖕᓂᒃ ᐃᓂᓕᒻᒥᒃ, 0 00-ᓗ, ᐸᓚᐃ-ᕉᔭᓪᒥ ᐱᙳᐊᕐᕕᖕᒥ. ᑕᒪᓐᓇ ᓯᕗᓪᓕᖅᐹᖅ ᐃᓘᓐᓇᖓ ᓇᓗᓇᐃᖅᓯᓂᖅ ᒫᓐᓇᒧᑦ ᐱᙳᐊᕐᓂᕐᒥᒃ.
ᕉᓚᑦ ᐅᓂᒃᑳᓂ - 1800-ᖏᓐᓂ
ᐊᒥᐊᓕᑲ ᐊᒃᓴᓗᐊᖏᑦ ᑎᖕᒥᐊᕐᔪᐊᕐᒥᒃ ᐃᓂᒥᒃ ᐃᓚᒋᐊᖅᑎᑦᓯᔪᑦ: ᑳᓯᓅᑉ ᓈᓴᐅᑏᖏᑦ ᐱᖓᓱᑦ.
ᐊᒥᐊᓕᑲ ᕉᓚᑦ: ᐊᒃᓴᓗᐊᖓ ᒪᓕᒐᖏᓪᓗ - 1837
ᕖᓇᓯ ᑳᓯᓄᓂᒃ ᐱᔭᐅᔪᓐᓇᐃᖅᑎᑦᓯᔪᖅ; ᐱᙳᐊᕐᓂᖅ ᔮᒪᓂ ᐃᒥᖅᑕᕐᕕᖏᓐᓄᑦ ᓅᑦᑐᖅ.
- 1841
ᐳᓛᓐ (Blanc) ᐃᓐᓂᑦ ᐹᑦ ᕼᐊᒻᐳᕐᒡ (Bad Homburg) ᑳᓯᓄᓕᕆᓂᕐᒧᑦ ᐱᔪᓐᓇᐅᑎᒥᒃ ᐱᔪᑦ.
ᕗᕋᓐᓱᐊ ᐳᓛᓐ - 1843ᐹᑦ ᕼᐊᒻᐳᕐᒡ
ᕗᕋᓐᓱᐊ ᓗᐃᓗ ᐳᓛᓐ ᑳᓯᓄᒥᒃ ᒪᑐᐃᖅᓯᔪᒃ ᔮᒪᓂᒥ ᐃᒥᖅᑕᕐᕕᖕᒥ ᓄᓇᓕᖕᒥ, ᒪᕐᕉᒃ ᓯᕉ ᐲᖅᓯᓪᓗᒍ. ᐊᑕᐅᓯᖅ ᓯᕉ ᐊᒃᓴᓗᐊᖅ ᑳᓯᓅᑉ ᐃᓚᖓᓂᒃ ᐊᕝᕙᖓᓄᑦ ᒥᑭᓕᖅᑎᑦᓯᔪᖅ, ᐱᙳᐊᖅᑏᓪᓗ ᐊᓯᖏᓐᓂᑦ ᓄᖅᑲᖓᕝᕕᓐᓂᑦ ᐊᐃᑦᑐᑦ.
ᐹᑦ ᕼᐊᒻᐳᕐᒡ ᐃᒥᖅᑕᕐᕕᓪᓗ ᑳᓯᓅᑦ - 1863ᒪᓐᑎ ᑳᓗ
ᑮᓇᐅᔭᓂᒃ ᐱᙳᐊᕐᓂᖅ ᔮᒪᓂ ᐃᓘᓐᓇᖓᓂ ᒪᓕᒐᒃᑯᑦ ᓄᖅᑲᖅᑎᑕᐅᓚᐅᖅᑎᓪᓗᒍ, ᐳᓛᓐ ᒪᓇᑯᒥ ᑳᓯᓄᒥᒃ ᐊᔪᕐᓂᖃᖅᑐᒥᒃ ᐊᐅᓚᑦᑎᓕᖅᑐᖅ. ᒪᓐᑎ ᑳᓗ ᐃᐅᕌᐸ ᕉᓚᑦᒧᑦ ᒪᓕᒃᑕᐅᔭᕆᐊᓕᖕᒥᒃ ᐃᓕᖓᔪᖅ; ᐊᑕᐅᓯᖅ ᓯᕉ ᐊᑐᒐᔪᒃᑕᖓ.
ᒪᓐᑎ ᑳᓗ ᕉᓚᑦ - 1866
ᑕᔅᑐᐃᐊᕝᔅᑭ (Dostoevsky), The Gambler.
ᑕᔅᑐᔪᐃᕝᔅᑭᐅᑉ ᕉᓚᑦᑕᓐᐳᕐᒡ - 1868
ᓃᔅᒥᑦ ᒪᓐᑎ ᑳᓗᒧᑦ ᓄᓇᒃᑯᑦ ᐃᖏᕐᕋᕝᕕᒃ.
ᒪᓐᑎ ᑳᓗ ᑳᓯᓄ - 1869
ᒪᓇᑯ ᐃᓂᑦᑎᐊᕐᓂᕐᒧᑦ ᑖᒃᓯᒥᒃ ᐲᖅᓯᔪᖅ.
- 1872
ᐳᕈᓯᐊ ᔮᒪᓂ ᑳᓯᓅᖏᓐᓂᒃ ᒪᑐᐃᖅᓯᔪᖅ.
ᐱᙳᐊᖅᑏᑦ ᖃᐅᔨᓴᕈᑏᓪᓗ
- 1870-ᖏᓐᓂ
ᓚᐳᓯᐊᕐ (Labouchère) ᐲᖅᓯᓂᕐᒧᑦ ᐸᕐᓇᐅᑎᒥᒃ ᓚᓐᑕᓐᒥ ᑐᓴᐅᒪᔭᐅᓕᖅᑎᑦᓯᔪᖅ.
ᓚᐳᓯᐊᕐ ᐸᕐᓇᐅᑎ ᕉᓚᑦᒥ - 1880 ᖃᓂᒋᔮᓂᔮᒡᒐᐅᑉ ᐊᒃᓴᓗᐊᖓ
ᔪᓯᕝ ᔮᒡᒐ, ᔪᐊᒃᓯᐅᕐᒥᐅᖅ ᐊᓐᓄᕌᒃᓴᓂᒃ ᓂᐅᕕᖅᑎ, ᒪᓐᑎ ᑳᓗᒥ ᐊᒃᓴᓗᐊᑦ ᑎᑎᕋᖅᑕᐅᑎᑦᑎᔪᖅ, ᐱᙳᐊᕈᑎᓕᐅᖅᓗᓂᓗ ᓈᓴᐅᑎᓂᒃ ᓴᖅᑭᑦᑐᓗᐊᖅᑐᓂᒃ. ᑮᓇᐅᔭᐅᔪᐊᓂᒃ ᐊᔪᒐᖅᑐᖅ; ᑳᓯᓄ ᐊᒃᓴᓗᐊᖏᓐᓂᒃ ᓅᑦᑎᑦᑕᖅᑐᖅ, ᑕᐃᒪ ᐊᓯᔾᔨᖅᓗᓂ.
ᔪᓯᕝ ᔮᒡᒐ: ᒪᓐᑎ ᑳᓗᒥ ᕉᓚᑦ ᐸᕐᓇᐅᑎ - 1891ᐊᖑᑦ ᑳᓯᓅᑉ ᑮᓇᐅᔭᖏᓐᓂᒃ ᐃᓱᓕᑦᑎᔪᖅ
ᓵᓪᔅ ᐅᐃᓪᔅ ᐱᙳᐊᕐᕕᐅᑉ ᓯᑉᐳᖏᓐᓂᒃ ᐊᒥᓱᐊᓗᒃᑯᑦ ᐃᓱᓕᑦᑎᔪᖅ ᐅᓪᓗᓂ ᐅᓄᙱᑦᑐᓂ, ᑕᐃᒪ ᐃᖏᐅᓯᕐᒥᒃ ᓴᖅᑭᑦᑎᑦᑎᓪᓗᓂ. ᖃᐅᔨᓴᕐᓂᐅᔪᑦ ᐸᕐᓇᐅᑎᒥᒃ ᓇᓂᓯᙱᑦᑐᑦ, ᐱᔪᓐᓇᕐᓂᑐᐊᕐᒥᒃ, ᑭᖑᓂᐊᒍᓪᓗ ᐊᓯᐊᓂ ᑕᒡᓚᕐᓂᕐᒥᒃ.
ᐊᖑᑦ ᑳᓯᓅᑉ ᑮᓇᐅᔭᖏᓐᓂᒃ ᐃᓱᓕᑦᑎᔪᖅ - 1900
ᐲᔅᓴᓐ (Pearson) ᑲᐃ-ᔅᑯᐃᐅ ᖃᐅᔨᓴᕈᑎᒥᒃ ᓴᖅᑭᑦᑎᔪᖅ ᒪᓐᑎ ᑳᓗᒥ ᑲᐃᕙᕐᓂᕐᓂᒃ ᓈᓴᐅᑎᓂᒃ ᐊᑐᕐᓗᓂ.
ᑲᐃ-ᔅᑯᐃᐅ ᖃᐅᔨᓴᕈᑎ - 1907
ᕖᓇᓯ ᑳᓯᓄᓂᒃ ᐱᔭᐅᔪᓐᓇᓕᖅᑎᑦᓯᐊᓘᖅᑐᖅ ᐃᒥᖅᑕᕐᕕᓂ ᑕᕆᐅᑉ ᓯᒡᔭᖓᓂᓗ ᓄᓇᓕᓐᓂ.
- 1913
26 ᕿᕐᓂᖅᑐᑦ ᑐᓪᓕᖅᑐᑦ ᒪᓐᑎ ᑳᓗᒥ.
ᐱᙳᐊᖅᑎᐅᑉ ᐃᓱᒪᒋᓗᐊᖅᑕᖓ - 1931
ᓂᕙᑕ ᑳᓯᓄᒥ ᑮᓇᐅᔭᓂᒃ ᐱᙳᐊᕐᓂᕐᒥᒃ ᐱᔭᐅᔪᓐᓇᓕᖅᑎᑦᓯᔪᖅ.
ᓛᔅ ᕖᒐᔅ ᕉᓚᑦ ᐊᒃᓴᓗᐊᖏᑦ - 1940-ᖏᓐᓂ
ᐅᓚᒻ (Ulam) ᕙᓐ ᓄᐃᒪᓐᓗ (von Neumann) ᒪᓐᑎ ᑳᓗ ᐊᔾᔨᐅᖅᑕᐅᓂᖓᓂᒃ ᐊᑎᖅᑖᖅᑎᑦᓯᔪᑦ.
- 1953
ᕗᓚᒥᖕ (Fleming), Casino Royale: ᐹᓐᑦ ᒪᕐᕉᓂᒃ ᑕᓴᓐᓂᒃ ᕉᓚᑦᒥ ᐱᙳᐊᕈᑎᓕᐅᖅᑐᖅ.
ᔭᐃᒻᔅ ᐹᓐᑦ ᐸᕐᓇᐅᑎ ᕉᓚᑦᒥ - 1961
ᑖᑉ (Thorp) ᓵᓇᓐᓗ (Shannon) ᓯᕗᓪᓕᖅᐹᒥᒃ ᑐᒃᓯᓯᒪᔪᓐᓇᖅᑐᒥᒃ ᕉᓚᑦ ᖃᕆᑕᐅᔭᖓᓂᒃ ᓴᓇᔪᑦ.
ᕉᓚᑦ: ᖃᕆᑕᐅᔭᑦ - 1965
ᑐᐱᓐᔅ (Dubins) ᓴᕙᔾᓗ (Savage) ᓇᓗᓇᐃᖅᓯᔪᑦ ᐊᖏᔫᓂᒃ ᐱᙳᐊᕈᑎᓕᐅᕐᓂᖅ ᐱᐅᓛᖑᓂᖓᓂᒃ ᓈᒻᒪᙱᑦᑐᓂ ᐱᙳᐊᕐᓃᓐᓂ.
- 1969
ᑖᑉ ᖃᐅᔨᓴᕐᓂᖓᓂ ᓇᓗᓇᐃᖅᓯᔪᖅ ᓱᒻᒪᑦ ᐸᕐᓇᐅᑎ ᓇᓪᓕᐊᑐᐃᓐᓇᖅ ᐊᔪᒐᕐᓇᔪᓐᓇᙱᓐᓂᖓᓂᒃ ᐱᙳᐊᕐᓂᕐᒥᒃ ᐊᓯᐅᔾᔨᓂᕐᒥᒃ ᓂᕆᐅᒋᔭᐅᔪᒥᒃ.
ᓱᓕᙱᑦᑐᖅ: ᕉᓚᑦ ᐸᕐᓇᐅᑎ ᐊᔪᒐᖅᑐᐃᓐᓇᖅᑐᖅ - 1977–81
ᔫᑎᒪᓐᔅ (Eudaemons) ᐃᔨᖅᓯᒪᔪᑦ ᖃᕆᑕᐅᔭᖏᑦ ᓂᕙᑕᒥ: ᐊᑯᓯᕐᒥ 1978-ᒥ, ᐃᑲᕐᒥᒃ ᐱᓗᒃᑕᒥ 1981-ᒥ.
ᔫᑎᒪᓐᔅ - 1985
ᓂᕙᑕ ᓇᓚᐅᑦᑖᕈᑎᓂᒃ ᐱᖃᕐᓂᕐᒥᒃ ᐱᔾᔪᑎᖃᓕᖅᑐᖅ. ᐸᔅ (Bass) The Eudaemonic Pie ᓴᖅᑭᑦᑎᔪᖅ.
ᕉᓚᑦᒥ ᑕᒡᓚᕐᓂᖅ
ᒫᓐᓇᐅᔪᖅ ᐱᙳᐊᕐᓂᖅ
- 20-ᖓᓂ ᐊᕐᕌᒍᐃᑦ ᑕᑕᑎᒐᖏᓐᓂᐃᒥᖅᑕᕐᕕᓐᓂ ᓄᓇᓕᓐᓂᑦ ᖃᕆᑕᐅᔭᓄᑦ
ᕉᓚᑦ ᓛᔅ ᕖᒐᔅᒧᑦ ᐃᖏᕐᕋᔪᖅ ᒪᕐᕉᒃ ᓯᕉ ᐅᑎᖅᑎᑕᐅᓪᓗᓂ, ᑕᐃᒪ ᐃᓂᑦᑎᐊᕐᓂᒃᑯᑦ RNG ᐱᙳᐊᕐᕕᖕᓄᑦ 1990-ᖏᓐᓂ, ᑕᑯᔭᐅᔪᓄᓪᓗ ᐊᔾᔨᓕᐅᕐᕕᖕᓂ ᐊᒃᓴᓗᐊᓄᑦ 2000-ᖏᓐᓂ.
ᐃᐅᕌᐸ ᕉᓚᑦ ᐊᒥᐊᓕᑲ ᕉᓚᓪᓗ - 1990-ᖏᓐᓂ
ᒑᓯᐊ-ᐱᓚᔪ (García-Pelayo) ᐃᓚᒌᑦ ᓴᖑᓯᒪᔪᓂᒃ ᐊᒃᓴᓗᐊᓂᒃ ᒪᑦᕆᑦ ᖃᓂᒋᔮᓂ ᐊᑐᐃᓐᓇᕈᖅᑎᑦᓯᔪᑦ; ᐊᓪᓚᕝᕕᒋᔭᐅᔪᑦ; ᐃᖅᑲᖅᑐᐃᕖᑦ ᐊᓪᓚᕝᕕᒋᔭᐅᓂᖏᓐᓂᒃ ᐲᖅᓯᔪᑦ (2004).
ᒎᓴᓗ ᒑᓯᐊ-ᐱᓚᔪ: ᕉᓚᑦ ᐸᕐᓇᐅᑎ - 1996
ᓯᕗᓪᓕᖅᐹᑦ ᐃᓂᑦᑎᐊᕐᓂᒃᑯᑦ ᑳᓯᓅᑦ RNG ᕉᓚᑦᑖᖅᑐᑦ.
ᑕᑯᔭᐅᔪᖅ ᕉᓚᑦ RNG ᕉᓚᓪᓗ - 2003–06
ᑕᑯᔭᐅᔪᖅ ᕉᓚᑦ ᐱᙳᐊᖅᑎᑦᓯᔨᓕᒃ ᐊᔾᔨᓕᐅᕐᕕᓐᓂᑦ ᑕᑯᓐᓇᖅᑎᑕᐅᔪᖅ; ᕆᒐ ᒫᓪᑕᓗ ᐱᓗᐊᖅᑐᒥᒃ ᐊᔾᔨᓕᐅᕐᕕᐅᓕᖅᑐᑦ.
ᑕᑯᔭᐅᔪᖅ ᕉᓚᑦ ᖃᓄᖅ ᐊᐅᓚᕙᑦᑐᖅ - 2004
ᕆᑦᔅ (Ritz) ᐱᙳᐊᖅᑏᑦ £1.3m ᐊᔪᒐᖅᑐᑦ ᐊᖅᓴᖅ ᓇᓚᐅᑦᑖᕐᓗᒍ; ᓴᖅᑭᔮᖅᑐᑦ ᐅᖃᐅᓯᐅᔪᖅ ᓚᐃᓯᕐ ᓇᔪᓐᓇᓚᐅᙱᑦᑐᖅ; ᐱᔾᔪᑎᖃᖅᑎᑕᐅᓚᐅᙱᑦᑐᑦ.
ᕉᓚᑦ: ᐱᐅᓂᖅᓴᐅᓂᕐᒥᒃ ᕿᓂᕐᓂᖅ - 2005
ᐳᕆᑎᓐ ᑮᓇᐅᔭᓂᒃ ᐱᙳᐊᕐᓂᕐᒧᑦ ᒪᓕᒐᖓ: ᐅᖓᓯᒃᑐᒥᑦ ᑮᓇᐅᔭᓂᒃ ᐱᙳᐊᕐᓂᕐᒧᑦ ᐱᔪᓐᓇᐅᑏᑦ ᑕᒪᐃᓐᓄᑦ.
ᕉᓚᑦ ᐃᖏᓕᓐᓂ (UK) - 2012
ᓯᒪᓪ (Small) ᓯᐃᓗ (Tse) ᕉᓚᑦᒥ ᓇᓚᐅᑦᑖᕐᓂᐅᑉ ᐊᐅᓚᓂᖓᓂᒃ ᓴᖅᑭᑦᑎᔪᑦ.
ᕉᓚᑦ ᐊᒃᓴᓗᐊᖓᑕ ᐊᐅᓚᓂᖓ - 2013
ᓄ ᔨᕐᓯ ᒪᓕᒐᓕᒃ ᐃᓂᑦᑎᐊᕐᓂᒃᑯᑦ ᑳᓯᓄᓂᒃ ᐱᒋᐊᖅᑎᑦᓯᔪᖅ.
ᕉᓚᑦ ᐊᒥᐊᓕᑲᒥ - 2016
ᐱᖓᓱᑦ ᓯᕉ ᕉᓚᑦ ᓛᔅ ᕖᒐᔅ ᐊᖁᑎᖓᓂ.
ᐱᖓᓱᑦ ᓯᕉ ᕉᓚᑦ - 2018
ᐊᒥᐊᓕᑲ ᒐᕙᒪᒃᑯᖏᑦ ᐱᙳᐊᖅᑐᓂᒃ ᐱᙳᐊᕈᑎᓕᐅᕐᓂᕐᒥᒃ ᐱᔭᐅᔪᓐᓇᐃᖅᑎᑦᓯᓂᖓ ᐲᖅᑕᐅᔪᖅ; ᓄᓇᖃᕐᕕᐃᑦ ᒪᓕᒐᓕᐅᖅᑐᑦ.
- 2021
ᔮᒪᓂ ᓂᑎᓚᓐᔅᓗ ᐃᓂᑦᑎᐊᕐᓂᒃᑯᑦ ᑳᓯᓄ ᐱᙳᐊᕐᓂᖏᓐᓄᑦ ᐱᔪᓐᓇᐅᑎᓂᒃ ᑐᓂᓯᔪᑦ.
ᕉᓚᑦ ᐃᐅᕌᐸᒥ - 2026
ᑖᓐᓇ ᐃᑦᑕᕐᓂᓴᓕᕆᕝᕕᒃ: ᐅᓪᓗᐃᑦ ᐃᓘᓐᓇᖏᑦ ᖁᓛᓂ ᑎᑎᕋᖅᓯᒪᔪᑦ, ᓈᓴᐃᓂᖓᓂᒃ ᐃᓚᓕᒃ.
ᑎᑎᕋᖅᓯᒪᔪᖅ ᐱᒻᒪᕆᐅᔪᖅ ᐊᑕᐅᓯᖅ
ᐊᕐᕌᒍᐃᑦ ᒪᕐᕉᒃ ᕼᐊᓐᑐᕆᑦ ᐊᕝᕙᖓᓗ ᐃᓗᐊᓂ ᕉᓚᑦᒥ ᐱᔪᓐᓇᕐᓂᖏᑦ ᐊᓯᑦᑐᓚᐅᖅᑐᑦ ᐊᑕᐅᓯᕐᒥᒃ ᐱᙳᐊᖅᑎᒧᑦ ᐱᐅᓯᑦᑎᐊᖅᑐᒥᒃ (1843, ᐊᑕᐅᓯᖅ ᓯᕉ ᐲᖅᑕᐅᓚᐅᖅᑐᖅ) ᒪᕐᕉᕆᐊᖅᓗᒍᓗ ᐱᙳᐊᖅᑎ ᐊᓯᐅᔾᔨᓂᖅᓴᐅᓕᖅᑎᑦᓯᓗᓂ (ᑎᖕᒥᐊᕐᔪᐊᖅ 1800-ᖏᓐᓂ, ᐱᖓᓱᑦ ᓯᕉ 2016-ᒥ). ᐊᓯᖏᑦ ᑕᒪᕐᒥᒃ, ᐸᕐᓇᐅᑏᑦ, ᖃᕆᑕᐅᔭᐃᑦ, ᐊᔾᔨᓕᐅᕐᕕᐃᑦ, ᖃᐅᒻᒪᐅᑏᑦ, ᓈᓴᐃᓂᖅ ᐊᓯᑦᑐᖅᑎᓚᐅᙱᑦᑕᖏᑦ ᓚᐳᓚᐃ (Lablée) ᓇᓂᓯᓯᒪᔭᖓᑎᑐᑦ: 36/n − 1 ᐊᒃᓴᓗᐊᕐᒥ ᑖᔅᓱᒥᖓᑦ ᐊᑕᐅᓯᕐᒥᒃ ᐊᒥᓲᓂᖅᓴᓂᒃ ᐃᓂᓕᒻᒥ.
ᐊᐱᖅᑯᑏᑦ
ᐸᓯᑲᓪ ᐅᓪᓗᖓ. ᐊᒃᓴᓗᐊᓂᒃ ᖃᐅᔨᓴᕐᓂᖏᑦ ᓱᓕᔪᑦ; ᕉᓚᑦᒧᑦ ᐊᑦᑐᐊᓂᖓ ᐅᓂᒃᑲᐅᓯᑐᖃᐅᔪᖅ.
19-ᖓᓂ ᐊᕐᕌᒍᐃᑦ ᑕᑕᑎᒐᖏᓐᓂ; ᐃᐅᕌᐸ ᑐᓪᓕᐊᓂᖏᑦ ᒫᓐᓇ ᐊᑐᖅᑕᐅᔪᑦ ᐊᑐᖅᑕᐅᒐᔪᓕᓚᐅᖅᑐᑦ ᒪᓐᑎ ᑳᓗ ᐱᓂᕐᓗᓕᖓᓂ.
ᐱᔪᓐᓇᖅᑐᖅ ᒪᓕᒐᓕᕆᓂᕐᒧᑦ ᐅᓪᓗ. ᐊᒃᓴᓗᐊᖅ ᐱᐊᓂᒃᑐᖅ.
ᐃᓪᓗᕐᓇᖅᑐᖅ ᐊᔾᔨᓕᐊᖅ
ᐊᕐᕌᒍᐃᑦ ᒪᕐᕉᒃ ᕼᐊᓐᑐᕆᑦ ᐊᕝᕙᖓᓗ, ᐱᐅᓯᕚᓪᓕᕐᓂᖅ ᐊᑕᐅᓯᖅ, ᐱᐅᓯᕚᓪᓕᙱᓐᓂᖅ ᒪᕐᕉᒃ, ᐅᓂᒃᑳᑦ ᐊᒥᓱᑦ.
ᐱᕝᕕᒋᔭᐅᔪᑦ
- Schwartz, D. G. Roll the Bones: The History of Gambling.
- Kavanagh, T. M. Dice, Cards, Wheels: A Different History of French Culture.
- Bass, T. A. The Eudaemonic Pie.
- Thorp, E. O. “Optimal gambling systems for favorable games.”
- Chellel, K. “The Gambler Who Beat Roulette.”
- Shelley, R. Roulette Wheel Study.