ᐊᖑᑦ ᑳᓯᓅᑉ ᑮᓇᐅᔭᖏᓐᓂᒃ ᐃᓱᓕᑦᑎᔪᖅ
ᑕᒡᓚᖅᑎ, ᐃᔪᖅᑲᐃᓯᒪᔪᖅ ᐸᕐᓇᐅᑎ, ᐱᓇᓱᐊᕈᓯᖅ ᐊᔾᔨᐅᙱᑦᑐᖅ, ᐃᓐᖏᐅᓯᕐᓗ ᑕᒪᒃᑯᓄᖓ ᐃᓘᓐᓇᖏᓐᓄᑦ ᐊᑯᓂᐅᓂᖅᓴᒥᒃ ᓄᖃᙱᑦᑐᖅ.
ᓵᓪᔅ ᐅᐊᓪᔅ (Charles Wells) ᒪᓐᑎ ᑳᓗᒥ ᑳᓯᓅᑉ ᑮᓇᐅᔭᖏᓐᓂᒃ ᐃᓱᓕᑦᑎᓚᐅᖅᑐᖅ ᐊᒥᓱᐃᖅᓱᖅᓗᓂ 1891-ᒥ, ᐊᔪᒐᖏᓐᓇᕐᓂᕐᒥᒃ ᐸᕐᓇᐅᑎᒥᒡᓗ ᓇᓗᓇᐃᖅᓯᓚᐅᖅᓯᒪᙱᑕᒥᓂᒃ. 1892-ᒥ ᐃᓐᖏᐅᓯᖅ ᐱᓗᐊᖅᑐᒥᒃ ᑎᑎᕋᖅᑕᐅᓯᒪᔪᖅ “ᑳᓯᓅᑉ ᑮᓇᐅᔭᖏᓐᓂᒃ ᐃᓱᓕᑦᑎᓂᖅ” ᐅᖃᐅᓯᐅᓕᖅᑎᓚᐅᖅᑕᖓ. ᑕᐃᑦᓱᒪᓂ ᐅᑭᐅᒥ ᑮᓇᐅᔭᑦ ᐃᓚᖏᓐᓂᒃ ᐊᓯᐅᔾᔨᓚᐅᖅᑐᖅ, ᐊᕐᕌᒍᓂᓗ ᐊᒥᓱᓂ ᑕᒡᓚᕐᓂᕐᒥᓄᑦ ᐃᓯᖅᑕᐅᓪᓗᓂ.
ᑭᓇᐅᓚᐅᖅᐸ
ᓵᓪᔅ ᑎᕖᓪ ᐅᐊᓪᔅ (Charles Deville Wells, 1841–1922) ᓴᓇᕐᕈᑎᓕᕆᔨᐅᓚᐅᖅᑐᖅ ᑕᒡᓚᖅᑎᐅᖏᓐᓇᖅᑐᕐᓗ, ᑮᓇᐅᔭᓕᐅᖃᑕᐅᔪᒪᔪᓂᑦ ᑮᓇᐅᔭᓂᒃ ᐱᕙᓚᐅᖅᑐᖅ ᐱᑕᖃᙱᑦᑐᓄᑦ ᓴᓇᓯᒪᔭᓄᑦ. ᔪᓚᐃ 1891-ᒥ ᒪᓐᑎ ᑳᓗᒧᑦ ᑎᑭᓚᐅᖅᑐᖅ £4,000-ᒥᒃ ᑕᐃᒪᐃᑦᑐᒥᒃ ᑮᓇᐅᔭᓕᒃ. ᑕᓪᓕᒪᓂ ᐅᓪᓗᓂ ᑳᓯᓅᑉ ᑮᓇᐅᔭᖏᓐᓂᒃ ᐃᓱᓕᑦᑎᓚᐅᖅᑐᖅ, ᐱᙳᐊᕐᕕᐅᑉ ᑮᓇᐅᔭᖏᑦ ᐳᓚᕆᐊᖏᑦ ᓄᙳᑎᓪᓗᒋᑦ, ᐊᒥᓱᐃᖅᓱᖅᓗᓂ, ᐊᐅᓪᓚᓚᐅᖅᑐᓗ ᖃᓂᒋᔮᒍᑦ £40,000-ᒥᒃ ᓇᒻᒥᓂᖅ ᐅᖃᐅᓯᖓᓂ, ᐅᓪᓗᒥ ᐊᒥᓱᓂᒃ ᒥᓕᐊᓐ ᐸᐅᓐᓂᒃ ᐊᑭᓕᒃ.
ᓱᓇᓪᓚᕆᒃᓚᐅᖅᐸ
ᐅᖃᓚᐅᖅᑐᖅ ᐸᕐᓇᐅᑎᖃᕐᓂᕐᒥᓂᒃ ᐊᔪᕈᓐᓃᖃᑦᑕᙱᑦᑐᒥᒃ ᓇᓗᓇᐃᖅᓯᓚᐅᖅᓯᒪᙱᓪᓗᓂᐅᒃ. ᑕᑯᔪᑦ ᐱᙳᐊᕐᓂᖓᓂ ᓇᓗᓇᙱᑦᑐᒥᒃ ᐊᔾᔨᒌᒃᑐᒥᒃ ᑕᑯᓚᐅᙱᑦᑐᑦ, ᐅᓂᒃᑳᓗ ᐅᑉᐱᕈᓱᒃᑕᐅᔪᓐᓇᖅᑐᖅ ᐸᕐᓇᐅᑎᒥᒃ ᐅᖃᐅᓯᖃᙱᑦᑐᖅ; ᒫᑎᓐᒐᐃᓪᐸᕐᓇᐅᑎᒫᑎᓐᒐᐃᓪᐊᓯᑦᑐᖅᐸᓪᓕᐊᓂᖅ ᐊᓯᐅᔾᔨᓂᖅ ᑕᒪᐃᓐᓂ ᐱᙳᐊᕈᑎ ᒪᕐᕉᕆᐊᖅᑐᖅ. ᐸᕐᓇᐅᑏᑦ ᐃᓚᖓᓂ ᑕᑯᓗᒍ ᖃᓄᐃᓕᐅᕐᓂᖓ ᖃᓄᐃᓕᐅᙱᓐᓂᖓᓗ.ᐃᓘᓐᓇᖓ ᐅᖃᓕᒫᕐᓗᒍ → ᐊᑎᖓᓄᑦ ᐅᐊᑦᑎᐊᕈᑦ ᐊᑦᔨᑦᑎᑕᐅᔪᖅ ᐃᓱᒪᒋᔭᐅᔪᐃᓐᓇᐅᔪᖅ. ᐱᒻᒪᕆᐅᙱᑦᑐᖅ: ᐱᙳᐊᕈᑎᓕᕆᕝᕕᒻᒥᐊᑐᖅᑕᐅᔪᑦᐱᙳᐊᕈᑎᓕᕆᕝᕕᒃᐱᙳᐊᕐᕕᒻᒥ ᑎᑎᕋᖅᓯᒪᔪᑦ ᐱᙳᐊᕈᑏᑦ ᐊᓪᓚᖏᑦ. ᐊᓯᐊᓂ ᐊᑎᖏᑦ: ᐱᙳᐊᕐᕕᒃ, ᐅᓗᐱᓕᒐᖅ, ᐊᓐᓄᕌᒃᓴᖅ.ᐃᓘᓐᓇᖓ ᐅᖃᓕᒫᕐᓗᒍ → ᐸᕐᓇᐅᑏᑦ ᑕᒪᐃᓐᓇ ᐊᔾᔨᒥᒃ ᓂᕆᐅᒋᔭᐅᔪᖅ ᐊᑭᖃᖅᑐᑦᓈᓴᐃᓂᖅᓂᕆᐅᒋᔭᐅᔪᖅ ᐊᑭᖓᐱᙳᐊᕈᑎ ᐊᑐᓂ ᐊᑯᓂᐅᓂᖅᓴᒥ ᐊᔾᔨᒌᒃᑎᑕᐅᔪᖅ ᐱᓐᓂᖓ. ᐃᐅᕌᐸ ᐱᙳᐊᕈᑎ ᑕᒪᐃᓐᓂ −1/37 ᐱᙳᐊᕈᑎ ᑮᓇᐅᔭᖓᓂᑦ.ᐃᓘᓐᓇᖓ ᐅᖃᓕᒫᕐᓗᒍ →, ᑕᐃᒪᐃᓕᖓᑦ ᓱᓇᑐᐃᓐᓇᒥᒃ ᓴᓇᒃᑲᓗᐊᖅᐸᑦ, ᐊᔪᒐᖏᓐᓇᕐᓂᖅ ᐊᑯᓂᐅᔪᖅ ᐱᓚᐅᖅᑐᖅ. ᐊᔪᒐᖏᓐᓇᕐᓂᖅ ᑕᐃᒪᐃᑦᑐᖅ ᐊᑯᓂᐅᑎᒋᔪᖅ ᐱᔪᓐᓇᕐᓂᖓᓈᓴᐃᓂᖅᐱᔪᓐᓇᕐᓂᖅᐱᓐᓂᐅᑉ ᐱᔪᓐᓇᕐᓂᖓ, 0-ᒥᑦ 1-ᒧᑦ ᐅᕝᕙᓘᓐᓃᑦ 0%-ᒥᑦ 100%-ᒧᑦ. ᓈᓴᐅᑎ ᐊᑕᐅᓯᖅ: 1/37 = 2.70%.ᐃᓘᓐᓇᖓ ᐅᖃᓕᒫᕐᓗᒍ → ᒥᑭᑦᑐᖅ ᐱᙳᐊᖅᑎᒧᑦ ᐊᑕᐅᓯᕐᒧᑦ, ᐊᖏᔪᕐᓗ ᑕᐅᓴᓐ ᐱᙳᐊᖅᑏᓐᓄᑦ ᑳᓯᓄᒧᑦ ᐊᕐᕌᒍᐃᑦ ᐃᓚᖓᓂ ᐃᓯᖅᑐᓄᑦ. ᐃᓄᒃ ᐊᑕᐅᓯᖅ ᐅᐊᓪᔅᐅᓂᐊᓚᐅᖅᑐᖅ. ᐅᐊᓪᔅᐅᓚᐅᖅᑐᖅ.
ᐃᓐᖏᐅᓯᖅ
ᕗᕆᑦ ᒋᐅᐳᑦ (Fred Gilbert) ᐃᓐᖏᐅᓯᖓ “The Man Who Broke the Bank at Monte Carlo” (1892), ᓵᓪᔅ ᑯᐳᓐ (Charles Coborn) ᐃᓐᖏᖅᑕᖓ, ᓚᓐᑕᓐ ᐃᓐᖏᖅᑎᑦᑎᕝᕕᖏᓐᓂ ᑐᓴᖅᑕᐅᓪᓚᕆᓚᐅᖅᑐᖅ ᐊᒥᐊᓕᑲᒧᓪᓗ ᑎᑭᓪᓗᓂ. ᐅᓂᒃᑳᖅᑎᖓ ᐊᖁᑎᒃᑯᑦ ᐱᓱᒃᑐᖅ ᓇᒻᒥᓂᖅ ᐃᓱᒪᖃᖅᑐᑐᑦ, ᐅᖃᐅᓯᕐᓗ “ᑳᓯᓅᑉ ᑮᓇᐅᔭᖏᓐᓂᒃ ᐃᓱᓕᑦᑎᓂᖅ” ᑕᐃᑦᓱᒪᙵᓂᑦ ᐊᔪᒐᖅᑖᓘᓂᕐᒥᒃ ᑐᑭᖃᕐᓂᖅ. ᐃᓐᖏᐅᓯᖅ ᐊᐱᖓᓂ ᐳᓛᕆᓂᕐᒥᒃ ᐅᖃᐅᓯᖃᙱᑦᑐᖅ.
ᐊᐱᖓ ᐳᓛᕆᓂᖅ ᑭᖑᓂᐊᓂᓗ
ᐅᐊᓪᔅ ᑕᐃᑦᓱᒪᓂ ᐅᑭᐊᒃᓴᒥ ᐅᑎᓚᐅᖅᑐᖅ ᐊᔪᒐᓚᐅᖅᑐᓗ ᐊᑯᓂ, ᑕᐃᒪᓐᓇ 1891–92-ᐅᑉ ᐅᑭᐅᖓᓂ ᐳᓛᕆᓂᕐᒥ ᑮᓇᐅᔭᑦ ᐃᓚᖏᓐᓂᒃ ᐊᓯᐅᔾᔨᓪᓗᓂ. ᐊᒥᓱᓂᒃ ᑮᓇᐅᔭᓂᒃ ᐊᑐᐃᓚᐅᖅᑐᖅ ᐊᑭᓕᒻᒪᕆᐅᔪᒧᑦ ᐅᒥᐊᕐᒧᑦ, Palais Royale, ᑮᓇᐅᔭᓕᐅᖃᑕᐅᔪᑦ ᑮᓇᐅᔭᖏᓐᓂᒃ; ᒪᓐᑎ ᑳᓗᒧᑦ ᑎᑭᓚᐅᖅᓯᒪᙱᑦᑐᖅ. 1892-ᐅᑉ ᐃᓱᐊᓂ ᕖᓇᓯ ᐳᓖᓯᖏᑦ ᓗ ᕼᐋᕝᒥ (Le Havre) ᑎᒍᓚᐅᖅᑕᖏᑦ, ᒫᑦᓯ 1893-ᒥᓗ ᓚᓐᑕᓐ ᐃᖅᑲᖅᑐᐃᕝᕕᖓ ᐊᕐᕕᓂᓖᑦ ᒪᕐᕉᓂᒃ ᐊᕐᕌᒍᓂᒃ ᐃᓯᖅᑕᐅᓂᕐᒥᒃ ᐱᓕᕆᐊᖃᖅᑐᒥᒃ ᑕᒡᓚᕐᓂᕐᒧᑦ ᐃᖅᑲᖅᑐᐃᓚᐅᖅᑐᖅ. 1899-ᒥ ᐊᐅᓪᓚᖅᑎᑕᐅᓚᐅᖅᑐᖅ, 1906-ᒥ ᐊᓯᐊᓄᑦ ᑕᒡᓚᕐᓂᕐᒧᑦ ᐱᖓᓱᓂᒃ ᐊᕐᕌᒍᓂᒃ ᐃᓚᒋᐊᖅᑕᐅᓪᓗᓂ, ᖃᓂᒋᔮᒍᓪᓗ 1911-ᒥ ᐸᐃᕆᔅᒥ ᓱᓕᙱᑦᑐᒥᒃ ᑮᓇᐅᔭᕐᕕᖕᒥᒃ ᐊᐅᓚᑦᑎᓚᐅᖅᑐᖅ ᐅᓪᓗᑕᒫᑦ 1%-ᒥᒃ ᐊᑭᓕᐅᑎᒥᒃ ᐊᖏᖅᑐᒥᒃ, ᑕᒪᓐᓇᓗ ᕖᓇᓯ ᐃᓯᖅᑕᐅᕝᕕᖓᓄᑦ ᐃᓯᖅᑎᓚᐅᖅᑕᖓ. ᓚᓐᑕᓐᒥ 1922-ᒥ ᑐᖁᓚᐅᖅᑐᖅ. ᑳᓯᓄ, 1891-ᒥ £40,000-ᒥᒃ ᐊᑭᓕᖅᓯᓚᐅᖅᑐᖅ ᑕᐃᑦᓱᒪᓂᑦ ᐅᓄᖅᓯᐅᑎᒥᒃ ᑐᓴᖅᑕᐅᓂᕐᒧᑦ ᐱᓪᓗᓂ, ᐱᐅᓪᓚᕆᒃᑐᒥᒃ ᐱᓚᐅᖅᑐᖅ ᐅᐊᓪᔅᒥᑦ.
ᕼᐊᑦᕗᑦᓯᐅᒥ (Hertfordshire) ᐃᓅᔪᖅ.
ᓴᓇᓯᒪᔭᓄᑦ ᐱᔪᓐᓇᐅᑏᑦ ᑕᒡᓚᖅᑐᓪᓗ ᑮᓇᐅᔭᓕᐅᕈᑏᑦ.
ᒪᓐᑎ ᑳᓗ: ᑳᓯᓅᑉ ᑮᓇᐅᔭᖏᓐᓂᒃ ᐃᓱᓕᑦᑎᔪᖅ ᐊᒥᓱᐃᖅᓱᖅᓗᓂ; ᐊᔪᒐᖅᑐᖅ ≈ £40,000.
ᐅᑎᖅᑐᖅ; ᐊᔪᒐᖅᑐᖅ ᐊᑯᓂ.
ᐃᓚᖏᓐᓂᒃ ᐊᓯᐅᔾᔨᔪᖅ. ᐃᓐᖏᐅᓯᖅ, 1892. ᐅᒥᐊᖅ ᒨᓇᑯᒧᑦ ᐃᖏᕐᕋᓚᐅᖅᓯᒪᙱᑦᑐᖅ.
ᓚᓐᑕᓐᒥ ᑕᒡᓚᕐᓂᕐᒧᑦ ᐃᖅᑲᖅᑐᐃᑕᐅᔪᖅ; ᐊᕐᕕᓂᓖᑦ ᒪᕐᕉᒃ ᐊᕐᕌᒍᑦ.
ᑕᒡᓚᕐᓂᖅ ᐊᓯᐊ, ᐱᖓᓱᑦ ᐊᕐᕌᒍᑦ ᐃᓚᒋᐊᖅᑕᐅᔪᑦ.
ᕖᓇᓯᒥ ᑮᓇᐅᔭᕐᕕᒃᑯᑦ ᑕᒡᓚᕐᓂᕐᒧᑦ ᐃᓯᖅᑕᐅᔪᖅ.
ᓚᓐᑕᓐᒥ ᑐᖁᔪᖅ.
ᓱᒻᒪᑦ ᐅᓂᒃᑳᖅ ᐱᒻᒪᕆᐅᒻᒪᖔᑦ
ᓇᓗᓇᙱᓛᖅ ᐸᕐᓇᐅᑎ “ᐊᑐᐃᓐᓇᐅᓪᓗᓂ” ᑕᐃᒪᓐᓇ ᐊᑐᐃᓐᓇᐅᓐᓂᖅᓗᓂ. ᐸᕐᓇᐅᑎ ᒪᕐᕉᖕᓂ ᓇᓕᒧᑐᐃᓐᓇᒥᒃ ᓴᓇᓚᐅᙱᑦᑐᖅ; ᐊᔪᒐᖏᓐᓇᕐᓂᖅ ᑎᑭᓚᐅᖅᑐᖅ ᐊᐅᓪᓚᓚᐅᖅᑐᓗ, ᐊᔾᔨᒌᙱᓐᓂᕐᒧᑦᓈᓴᐃᓂᖅᐊᔾᔨᒌᙱᓐᓂᖅᐱᓐᓂᐅᔪᑦ ᓂᕆᐅᒋᔭᐅᔪᖅ ᐊᑭᖓᑕ ᐊᕙᓗᐊᓂ ᖃᓄᖅ ᓯᐊᒻᒪᒃᓯᒪᓂᖏᓐᓂᒃ ᓈᓴᐅᑎ. ᐊᑕᐅᓯᕐᒧᑦ ᐱᙳᐊᕈᑎᒥ ᐊᖏᔪᖅ, ᐊᔾᔨᒌᒃᑐᒥᒃ ᐊᑭᓕᐅᑎᓕᖕᓂ ᐱᙳᐊᕈᑏᓐᓂ ᒥᑭᔪᖅ.ᐃᓘᓐᓇᖓ ᐅᖃᓕᒫᕐᓗᒍ → ᒪᑉᐱᒐᐃᑦ ᐅᖃᐅᓯᖏᑐᑦ. ᑳᓯᓄ ᐱᓇᓱᐊᕈᓯᕐᒥᒃ ᐊᓯᐅᔾᔨᓚᐅᖅᑐᖅ ᐅᓂᒃᑳᑐᐊᕐᒥᒡᓗ ᐱᓪᓗᓂ. ᐸᕐᓇᐅᑏᑦ ᑕᐃᑦᓱᒪᙵᓂᑦ ᓂᐅᕕᖅᑕᐅᔪᑦ ᑕᒪᐃᓐᓇ ᐅᐊᓪᔅᒥᒃ ᐅᖃᐅᓯᖃᖅᑎᖃᖅᑐᑦ, ᑕᒪᒃᑯᐊᓗ ᑕᒪᐃᓐᓇ ᐊᐱᖓᓂᒃ ᐳᓛᕆᓂᕐᒥᒃ ᐅᖃᐅᓯᐅᙱᑦᑐᒥᒃ ᐱᑕᖃᖅᑐᑦ.
ᐊᐱᖅᑯᑏᑦ
ᐱᙳᐊᕐᕕᓐᓂ ᑕᒡᓚᓚᐅᕐᓂᖓᓂᒃ ᓇᓗᓇᐃᖅᓯᔾᔪᑎᖃᙱᑦᑐᖅ. ᑕᒡᓚᕐᓂᖏᑦ ᐊᓯᖏᓐᓂ ᐱᓚᐅᖅᑐᑦ.
ᐊᒥᓱᓂᒃ ᒥᓕᐊᓐ ᐸᐅᓐᓂᒃ, ᓈᓴᐃᓂᕐᓂ ᐊᒥᓲᓂᖅᐸᖏᓐᓂ.
ᐱᙳᐊᕐᕕᑕᒫᖅ ᑮᓇᐅᔭᓂᒃ ᐳᓚᕆᐊᖃᓚᐅᖅᑐᖅ; ᓄᙳᒃᐸᑕ, ᐱᙳᐊᕐᕕᒃ ᓄᖅᑲᖅᑲᐃᓚᐅᖅᑐᖅ ᐊᒥᓱᓂᒡᓗ ᑎᒍᓯᓪᓗᑎᒃ. ᑳᓯᓄ ᑮᓇᐅᔭᖏᑦ ᓄᙳᓚᐅᖅᓯᒪᙱᑦᑐᑦ.
ᐃᓪᓗᕐᓇᖅᑐᖅ ᐊᔾᔨᓕᐊᖅ
ᑳᓯᓄ ᐱᓇᓱᐊᕈᓯᕐᒥᒃ ᐊᓯᐅᔾᔨᓚᐅᖅᑐᖅ ᕼᐊᓐᑐᕆᑦ ᐊᕐᕌᒍᓄᓪᓗ ᑐᓴᖅᑕᐅᑎᑦᓯᓂᕐᒥᒃ ᓂᐅᕕᖅᓗᓂ.
ᐱᕝᕕᒋᔭᐅᔪᑦ
- Quinn, R. The Man Who Broke the Bank at Monte Carlo.
- Old Bailey Proceedings Online. Trial of Charles Wells, March 1893 (t18930306-349).
- Schwartz, D. G. Roll the Bones: The History of Gambling.
- Kavanagh, T. M. Dice, Cards, Wheels: A Different History of French Culture.