ᕉᓚᑦᒥ ᑕᒡᓚᕐᓂᖅ
ᓯᕗᓪᓕᖅᐹᑦ ᑕᒡᓚᖅᓯᒪᔪᑦ ᕉᓚᑦ ᐊᒃᓴᓗᐊᖏᑦ ᑳᓯᓅᑉ ᐱᖁᑎᖏᓚᐅᖅᑐᑦ. ᒫᓐᓇ ᑕᒡᓚᕐᓂᖅ ᐱᙳᐊᕈᑎᓕᕆᕝᕕᒻᒥ ᐱᕙᒃᑐᖅ, ᐅᐊᑦᑎᐊᕈᑦ ᐱᙳᐊᖅᑎᑦᓯᔨᐅᑉ ᐃᑲᔪᕐᓂᖓᓂᒃ, ᐱᙳᐊᕐᕕᒃ ᐱᔪᓐᓇᐅᑎᓕᒃ ᑕᒪᐃᓐᓇ ᑕᒪᑐᒥᖓ ᓇᓂᓯᔪᓐᓇᖁᓪᓗᒍ ᓴᓇᔭᐅᓯᒪᔪᖅ.
ᕉᓚᑦᒥ ᑕᒡᓚᖅᑏᑦ ᓯᑕᒪᓂᒃ ᐱᓇᓱᐊᓚᐅᖅᑐᑦ: ᐊᒃᓴᓗᐊᖅ, ᐊᖅᓴᕐᒥᒃ ᑐᑭᒧᐊᖅᑎᑦᓯᓂᐊᖅᓗᓂ ᓴᓇᔭᐅᓯᒪᔪᖅ; ᐱᙳᐊᕈᑎ, ᐱᓇᓱᐊᕐᓂᖅ ᑭᖑᓂᐊᒍᑦ ᐊᓯᑦᑐᖅᑕᐅᔪᖅ; ᐱᙳᐊᖅᑎᑦᓯᔨ, ᐃᑲᔪᖁᓪᓗᒍ ᐊᑭᓕᖅᑕᐅᔪᖅ; ᖃᕆᑕᐅᔭᒃᑯᓪᓗ ᐱᒋᐊᕈᑎ, ᐊᑭᓕᖁᓪᓗᒍ ᐊᓯᑦᑐᖅᑕᐅᔪᖅ. ᑕᒡᓚᖅᓯᒪᔪᖅ ᐊᒃᓴᓗᐊᖅ ᑳᓯᓅᑉ ᓴᓇᕐᕈᑎᖓᓚᐅᖅᑐᖅ ᒪᓕᒐᓕᐊᖑᙱᑦᑐᓂ ᑮᓇᐅᔭᓂᒃ ᐱᙳᐊᕐᕕᓐᓂ 19-ᖓᓂ ᐊᕐᕌᒍᐃᑦ ᑕᑕᑎᒐᖏᓐᓂ 20-ᖓᑕᓗ ᐱᒋᐊᕐᓂᖓᓂ; ᐱᔪᓐᓇᐅᑎᓖᑦ ᑳᓯᓅᑦ ᒫᓐᓇ ᐊᒃᓴᓗᐊᑕᒫᖅ ᑕᐃᑦᑎᐊᕐᓂᐊᖅᑐᓂᒃ ᖃᐅᔨᓴᖅᐸᒃᑕᖏᑦ ᐱᙳᐊᕐᕕᒃ ᒪᑐᐃᖅᑕᐅᓚᐅᖅᑎᓐᓇᒍ. ᑭᖑᕙᖅᑐᑦ ᐱᙳᐊᕈᑏᑦ, ᐅᐊᑦᑎᐊᕈᑦ ᐱᙳᐊᖅᑎᑦᓯᔨ ᑕᒡᓚᖅᑐᖅ ᐊᖏᖅᑕᖏᑦ, ᐃᖅᑲᖅᑐᐃᕝᕕᓐᓄᑦ ᒫᓐᓇ ᑕᑯᔭᐅᕙᒃᑐᑦ. ᓴᖑᓯᒪᔪᒥᒃ ᐊᒃᓴᓗᐊᕐᒥᒃ ᐊᖅᓴᕐᒥᓪᓘᓐᓃᑦ ᓂᕆᐅᒋᔭᐅᔪᓐᓇᖅᑐᒥᒃ ᐃᔨᒃᑯᑦ ᑕᑯᓐᓇᕐᓂᖅ ᑕᒡᓚᕐᓂᐅᙱᑦᑐᖅ; ᓴᓇᕐᕈᑎᒃᑯᑦ ᑕᒪᓐᓇ ᐱᓂᖅ ᓃᕙᑕᒥ ᐱᓗᐊᕈᓯᐅᔪᖅ.
ᒪᕐᕉᒃ ᐊᔾᔨᒌᙱᑦᑐᒃ
ᐱᐅᓂᖅᓴᐅᓂᕐᒥᒃ ᕿᓂᕐᓂᖅ ᑭᓇᑐᐃᓐᓇᐅᑉ ᑲᑎᑦᑎᔪᓐᓇᖅᑕᖓᓂᒃ ᑐᓴᒐᒃᓴᓂᒃ ᐊᑐᐃᔪᖅ, ᓴᖑᓯᒪᔪᒥᒃ ᐊᒃᓴᓗᐊᕐᒥᒃᖃᐅᔨᓴᕐᕕᒃᓴᖑᓯᒪᔪᖅ ᐊᒃᓴᓗᐊᖅᐊᒃᓴᓗᐊᖅ ᓴᓇᓂᖓᑕ ᐊᑲᐅᙱᓐᓂᖏᑦ ᐃᓂᓂᒃ ᐃᓚᖏᓐᓂᒃ 1/37-ᒥᑦ ᐱᔪᓐᓇᕐᓂᖅᓴᐅᑎᑦᓯᔪᑦ. ᖃᐅᔨᔭᐅᑦᓯᐊᙱᑦᑐᖅ, ᑕᐅᓴᓐ ᐊᒥᓱᑦ ᑲᐃᕙᕐᓃᑦ ᑎᑎᕋᖅᑕᐅᓯᒪᒍᑎᒃ ᖃᐅᔨᔭᐅᔪᓐᓇᖅᑐᖅ.ᐃᓘᓐᓇᖓ ᐅᖃᓕᒫᕐᓗᒍ → ᐅᕝᕙᓘᓐᓃᑦ ᓂᕆᐅᒋᔭᐅᔪᓐᓇᖅᑐᒥᒃ ᐊᖅᓴᕐᒥᒃᐊᑐᖅᑕᐅᔪᑦᐊᖅᓴᖅᒥᑭᔪᖅ ᐊᖅᓴᖅ ᐊᖁᑎᖓᓂ ᑲᐃᕙᖅᑐᑉ ᐊᑉᐱᖓᓄᑦ ᐃᒋᑕᐅᔪᖅ. ᒫᓐᓇᐅᔪᖅ ᐊᖅᓵᑦ ᐃᕗᕆᓐ ᐅᕝᕙᓘᓐᓃᑦ ᑎᕙᓚᓐ, 18–21 mm.ᐃᓘᓐᓇᖓ ᐅᖃᓕᒫᕐᓗᒍ →, ᑕᒪᑐᒧᖓᓗ ᐱᙳᐊᕈᑎᓕᐅᖅᑐᖅ ᐱᙳᐊᕈᑎᓕᐅᕐᓂᖅ ᒪᑐᔭᐅᓚᐅᖅᑎᓐᓇᒍ. ᕉᓚᑦᒥ ᑕᒡᓚᕐᓂᖅ ᐱᙳᐊᕐᓂᕐᒥᒃ ᐊᓯᑦᑐᖅᓯᔪᖅ: ᐱᓇᓱᐊᕐᓂᖅ ᖃᐅᔨᒪᔭᐅᓕᖅᑎᓪᓗᒍ ᐱᙳᐊᕈᑎᒧᑦ ᐃᓚᒋᐊᖅᓯᔪᖅ, ᐊᓯᐅᔾᔨᔪᒥᒃ ᐱᙳᐊᕈᑎᒥᒃ ᐅᑎᖅᑎᑦᓯᔪᖅ, ᐅᕝᕙᓘᓐᓃᑦ ᖃᓄᐃᑦᑐᒥᒃ ᐱᙳᐊᕈᑎᓕᐅᖅᓯᒪᒻᒪᖔᑦ ᑕᑯᔭᐅᖁᔨᙱᑦᑐᖅ. ᓯᕗᓪᓕᖅ ᐅᐊᑦᑎᐊᕈᑦ ᒪᓕᒐᒃᑯᑦ ᐱᔭᐅᔪᓐᓇᖅᑐᖅ, ᑳᓯᓅᓪᓗ ᑭᐅᔾᔪᑎᖓ ᐊᒃᓴᓗᐊᕐᒥᒃ ᐋᖅᑭᒃᓯᓂᖅ ᐅᕝᕙᓘᓐᓃᑦ ᐱᙳᐊᖅᑎᒥᒃ ᐃᓯᖁᔨᙱᓐᓂᖅ. ᐊᐱᖓ ᑕᒡᓚᕐᓂᐅᔪᖅ. ᓃᕙᑕᒥ, ᐱᓇᓱᐊᕐᓂᖅ ᖃᐅᔨᒪᔭᐅᓕᖅᑎᓪᓗᒍ ᐱᙳᐊᕈᑎᓕᐅᕐᓂᖅ ᐊᓯᑦᑐᖅᓯᓂᕐᓘᓐᓃᑦ ᓇᒻᒥᓂᖅ ᐱᓗᐊᕈᓯᐅᔪᖅ. Ritz-ᒥ ᐱᙳᐊᖅᑏᑦ 2004-ᒥ ᑎᒍᔭᐅᓚᐅᖅᑐᑦ, ᐊᐅᓪᓚᖅᑎᑕᐅᓪᓗᑎᒃ, ᑮᓇᐅᔭᖏᓪᓗ ᐅᑎᖅᑎᑕᐅᓪᓗᑎᒃ ᐃᖅᑲᖅᑐᐃᓂᖅ ᓄᖅᑲᖅᑎᑕᐅᒐᒥ; ᑭᖑᓂᐊᒍᑦ ᐱᙳᐊᕈᑎᓕᐅᖅᑏᑦ ᐃᖅᑲᖅᑐᐃᕝᕕᒻᒧᑦ ᐊᐅᓪᓚᖅᑎᑕᐅᕙᒃᑐᑦ.
ᓯᑕᒪᑦ ᕉᓚᑦᒥ ᑕᒡᓚᕈᑏᑦ
ᓈᒻᒪᒃᑐᖅ ᑲᐃᕙᕐᓂᖅ ᓯᑕᒪᓂ ᐃᓂᓂ ᐱᓇᓱᐊᖅᑕᐅᔪᓐᓇᖅᑐᖅ: ᐊᒃᓴᓗᐊᖅ ᓇᒻᒥᓂᖅ, ᐱᙳᐊᕈᑎ ᐱᓇᓱᐊᕐᓂᖅ ᖃᐅᔨᒪᔭᐅᓕᖅᑎᓪᓗᒍ, ᐱᙳᐊᖅᑎᑦᓯᔨ ᐱᙳᐊᕈᑏᑦ ᐊᑭᓕᖅᑐᖅ, ᓴᓇᕐᕈᑎᓂᓗ ᐃᓂᑦᑎᐊᕐᓂᒃᑯᓪᓗ ᐱᒋᐊᕈᑎ ᐊᑭᓕᖅᑐᖅ. ᑭᓇ ᑕᒡᓚᖅᐸᓚᐅᕐᒪᖔᑦ ᐊᓯᑦᑐᐃᓯᒪᔪᖅ. 19-ᖓᓂ ᐊᕐᕌᒍᐃᑦ ᑕᑕᑎᒐᖏᓐᓂ ᐅᐊᑦᑎᐊᕈᑦ ᑳᓯᓄᓚᐅᖅᑐᖅ. ᒫᓐᓇ ᐅᐊᑦᑎᐊᕈᑦ ᐱᙳᐊᖅᑏᑦ, ᐅᐊᑦᑎᐊᕈᑦ ᐱᙳᐊᖅᑎᑦᓯᔨᐅᑉ ᐃᑲᔪᕐᓂᖓᓂᒃ.
ᑕᒡᓚᖅᓯᒪᔪᖅ ᕉᓚᑦ ᐊᒃᓴᓗᐊᖓ, 1890-ᒥᑦ 1930-ᖏᓐᓄᑦ
ᐊᒥᐊᓕᑲᒥ ᓯᕗᓪᓕᖅᐹᖏᓐᓂ ᕼᐊᓐᑐᕆᑦ ᐊᕐᕌᒍᓂ ᕉᓚᑦ ᐱᙳᐊᕐᕕᖓᓂ ᓱᓕᙱᑦᑐᖅ ᐅᐊᑦᑎᐊᕈᑦ ᑳᓯᓄᓚᐅᖅᑐᖅ. ᔮᓐ ᕗᓕᑉ ᑯᐃᓐ (John Philip Quinn), ᑮᓇᐅᔭᓂᒃ ᐱᙳᐊᖅᑎᐅᓚᐅᖅᓯᒪᔪᖅ ᐊᓯᑦᑐᐃᓯᒪᔪᖅ, ᓴᓇᕐᕈᑏᑦ ᓇᓗᓇᐃᖅᓯᓚᐅᖅᑕᖏᑦ 1890-ᒥ. ᐊᒃᓴᓗᐊᑉ ᐊᑖᓂ ᓄᓐᓂᐅᑎ ᐱᙳᐊᕐᕕᐅᑉ ᐃᑎᒐᖓᑕ ᐊᑕᐅᓯᐅᑉ ᐃᓗᐊᒍᑦ ᐊᐅᓚᑕᐅᕙᓚᐅᖅᑐᖅ, ᐊᓯᖏᓐᓂᑦ ᓇᐃᓂᖅᓴᐅᓗᐊᙱᑦᑐᖅ, ᑕᐃᒪᓐᓇ ᐱᙳᐊᖅᑎᑦᓯᔨ ᑕᒪᑐᒥᖓ ᓈᖕᒥᖅᑐᖅ ᐊᖅᓴᐅᑉ ᐊᖁᑎᖓᓂᒃ ᐊᐅᐸᓗᒃᑐᒥᑦᐱᙳᐊᕈᑎᐊᐅᐸᓗᒃᑐᖅᐊᔾᔨᒌᒃᑐᒥᒃ ᐊᑭᓕᐅᑎᓕᒃ ᐱᙳᐊᕈᑎ 18 ᐊᐅᐸᓗᒃᑐᓄᑦ ᓈᓴᐅᑎᓄᑦ. ᕖᓇᓯᑐᑦ: ᕈᔾ (rouge).ᐃᓘᓐᓇᖓ ᐅᖃᓕᒫᕐᓗᒍ → ᕿᕐᓂᖅᑐᒧᑦᐱᙳᐊᕈᑎᕿᕐᓂᖅᑐᖅᐊᔾᔨᒌᒃᑐᒥᒃ ᐊᑭᓕᐅᑎᓕᒃ ᐱᙳᐊᕈᑎ 18 ᕿᕐᓂᖅᑐᓄᑦ ᓈᓴᐅᑎᓄᑦ. ᕖᓇᓯᑐᑦ: ᓄᐊᕐ (noir).ᐃᓘᓐᓇᖓ ᐅᖃᓕᒫᕐᓗᒍ → ᐊᓯᑦᑐᖅᓯᔪᖅ. ᐊᒃᓴᓗᐊᕐᒥ ᐊᓯᐊᓂ ᐃᓂᑦ ᐊᕕᒃᓯᒪᐅᑎᖏᑦᐊᑐᖅᑕᐅᔪᑦᐃᓂᑦ ᐊᕕᒃᓯᒪᐅᑎᖓᓴᕕᒻᒥᒃ ᐊᕕᒃᓯᒪᐅᑎ ᐊᒃᓴᓗᐊᕐᒥ ᐃᓂᒃ ᒪᕐᕉᒃ ᐊᑯᓐᓂᖓᓂ.ᐃᓘᓐᓇᖓ ᐅᖃᓕᒫᕐᓗᒍ → ᓇᑉᐸᓕᐊᖏᑦ, ᓴᕕᑦ ᐃᓂᑦᐊᑐᖅᑕᐅᔪᑦᐃᓂᑲᐃᕙᖅᑐᒥ 37 ᓈᓴᐅᑎᓕᑦ ᐃᓂᑦ ᐊᑕᐅᓯᖓ. ᐊᓯᐊᓂ ᐊᑎᖏᑦ: ᐃᓂᒋᐊᖅ, ᖃᓪᓗᐊᖅ.ᐃᓘᓐᓇᖓ ᐅᖃᓕᒫᕐᓗᒍ → ᐊᑯᓐᓂᖏᓐᓂᑦᑐᑦ, ᑕᑭᓂᖅᓴᐅᓗᐊᙱᑦᑐᑦ: ᑕᕐᕋᖏᑦ ᑐᓪᓕᐅᖃᑦᑕᒻᒪᑕ, ᐊᖅᓴᖅ ᐊᑕᐅᓯᕐᒧᑦ ᐊᓯᐊᓄᓘᓐᓃᑦ ᑲᐃᕙᑦᑎᑕᐅᒃᐸᑦ ᐊᐅᐸᓗᒃᑐᖅ ᕿᕐᓂᖅᑐᕐᓘᓐᓃᑦ ᐱᐅᓂᖅᓴᐅᔪᖅ, ᐱᙳᐊᖅᑎᑦᓯᔨᓗ ᑕᕐᕋᖓᓂᒃ ᑮᓇᐅᔭᖃᖏᓐᓂᖅᓴᒥᒃ ᓇᓚᐅᑦᑖᖅᐸᓚᐅᖅᑐᖅ. ᐱᖓᔪᐊᖅ ᖃᑉᐱᐊᓂ ᓱᓕᙱᑦᑐᒥᒃ ᐃᓂᖃᓚᐅᖅᑐᖅ, ᑐᖁᔭᖏᑦ ᒥᖅᓱᐅᑎᐅᑉ ᐃᔪᓂᖏᓐᓂᒃ ᖁᒻᒧᑦ ᐊᓪᓗᖅᑎᑦᓯᔪᑦ ᐃᓂᑦ ᑐᓪᓕᐅᖃᑦᑕᖅᑐᑦ ᓯᕗᓂᖏᓐᓄᑦ. ᑯᐃᓐ ᓂᐅ ᔫᒃ ᓂᐅᕕᖅᑎᐅᑉ ᓂᐅᕕᐊᒃᓴᑦ ᑎᑎᕋᖅᓯᒪᔪᖏᓐᓂᒃ ᐅᑎᖅᑎᑦᓯᓚᐅᖅᑐᖅ ᐊᒃᓴᓗᐊᓂᒃ ᓂᐅᕕᖅᑕᐅᔪᓐᓇᖅᑐᓂᒃ “ᐊᐅᐸᓗᒃᑐᒥᒃ ᕿᕐᓂᖅᑐᒥᓘᓐᓃᑦ, ᐊᖏᔪᒥᒃ ᒥᑭᔪᒥᓘᓐᓃᑦ ᓈᓴᐅᑎᒥᒃ ᓴᖅᑭᑎᑦᓯᔪᓐᓇᖅᑐᑦ, ᐱᙳᐊᖅᑎᑦᓯᔨᐅᑉ ᐱᔪᒪᔭᖓᑐᑦ.” 1912-ᒧᑦ ᑎᑎᕋᓚᐅᖅᑐᖅ ᐊᓐᑕᒍᓴᒃᑯᑦ ᐱᓂᖅ ᐊᑐᖅᑕᐅᓗᐊᖅᑐᖅ, ᐊᓐᑕᒍᓴᐃᑦ ᐱᙳᐊᕐᕕᐅᑉ ᐃᑎᒐᖓᒍᑦ ᐊᓐᑕᒍᓴᐅᑎᒥᑦ ᐃᓪᓗᐅᑉ ᐊᑖᓂᑦᑐᒥᑦ, ᐅᖃᓚᐅᖅᑐᓗ ᓇᓗᓇᐃᖅᓯᐅᑎᒥᒃ ᓇᓂᓯᓇᓱᒃᓂᕐᒧᑦ: ᐊᓐᑕᒍᓴᖅ ᐊᐅᓚᑦᑎᓪᓗᒍ ᑐᑭᒧᐊᖅᑎᑦᓯᐅᑎᐅᑉ ᑐᖁᔭᖓ ᐊᐅᓚᔪᖅ. Smithsonian-ᐅᑉ National Museum of American History-ᖓ 1930-ᖏᓐᓂ ᓴᓇᔭᐅᓯᒪᔪᒥᒃ ᑕᐃᑦᑎᐊᕐᓂᐊᖅᑐᓕᒻᒥᒃ ᕉᓚᑦ ᐊᒃᓴᓗᐊᖓᓂᒃ ᓯᑳᒍᒥ ᓴᓇᔭᐅᓯᒪᔪᒥᒃ ᐱᑕᖃᖅᑐᖅ: ᐱᙳᐊᖅᑎᑦᓯᔨ ᓇᑎᖅᑯᑎᒃᑯᑦ ᐊᐅᓚᑦᑎᕙᓚᐅᖅᑕᖓ ᐊᖅᓴᖅ ᐊᖏᔪᓂᒃ ᐱᙳᐊᕈᑎᓖᓐᓂᑦ ᓈᓴᐅᑎᓂᑦ ᐊᓯᐅᖅᑎᓐᓂᐊᖅᓗᒍ.
ᓱᒻᒪᑦ ᐱᔪᓐᓇᐅᑎᓕᒃ ᐊᒃᓴᓗᐊᖅ ᑕᒡᓚᖅᑕᐅᔪᓐᓇᑦᓯᐊᙱᓐᓂᖓ
ᑕᒡᓚᖅᓯᒪᔪᖅ ᐊᒃᓴᓗᐊᖅ ᒪᓕᒐᓕᕆᔨᖃᙱᑦᑐᓂ ᐱᙳᐊᕐᕕᓐᓂ ᐊᑐᖅᑕᐅᕙᓚᐅᖅᑐᖅ. ᐱᔪᓐᓇᐅᑎᓕᒻᒥ ᑳᓯᓄᒥ ᖃᐅᔨᓴᕐᓃᑦ ᒪᓕᒐᓂ ᑎᑎᕋᖅᓯᒪᔪᑦ. ᓄᐊᕐᓯ ᔨᐅᓯ ᒪᓕᒐᖏᑦ ᐊᔾᔨᒌᑦᑐᑦ: ᐱᙳᐊᕐᕕᒃ ᒪᑐᐃᖅᑕᐅᓚᐅᖅᑎᓐᓇᒍ ᐊᒃᓴᓗᐊᖅ ᖃᐅᔨᓴᖅᑕᐅᕙᒃᑐᖅ ᑕᐃᑦᑎᐊᕐᓂᐊᖅᑐᓂᒃ ᐊᓯᖏᓐᓂᒡᓗ ᓴᓇᕐᕈᑎᓂᒃ, ᓴᖑᓯᒪᙱᓐᓂᖓᓂᒃ, ᐊᔪᕈᓐᓃᖅᑐᒥᒃ ᐊᔾᔨᒌᒃᑐᒥᒡᓗ ᑲᐃᕙᕐᓂᖓᓂᒃ; ᐊᖅᓴᖅ ᑕᐃᑦᑎᐊᕐᓂᐊᖅᑐᒧᑦ ᑐᑭᒧᐊᖅᑎᑦᓯᐅᑎᒧᓪᓘᓐᓃᑦ ᖃᖓᑕᑕᐅᕙᒃᑐᖅ, ᓴᕕᒥᒃ ᓇᓕᒧᑐᐃᓐᓇᒥᒃ ᐱᑕᖃᕆᐊᖃᙱᑦᑐᖅ; ᐋᖅᑭᒃᓯᓃᑦ ᑕᒪᐃᓐᓇ ᑎᑎᕋᖅᑕᐅᕙᒃᑐᑦ, ᐱᙳᐊᕐᕕᓪᓗ ᒪᑐᔭᐅᒃᐸᑦ ᐊᒃᓴᓗᐊᖅ ᒪᑐᐃᑦᑐᓕᒻᒥᒃ ᒪᑐᐃᒐᕐᒥᒃ ᒪᑐᔭᐅᕙᒃᑐᖅ. ᐅᓄᖅᑐᑦ ᒫᓐᓇᐅᔪᑦ ᐊᒃᓴᓗᐊᑦ ᐊᔪᒐᖅᑐᒥᒃ ᓈᓴᐅᑎᒥᒃ ᓯᓂᖏᓐᓂ ᓇᓗᓇᐃᖅᓯᐅᑎᓂᒃ ᐅᖃᓕᒫᖅᐸᒃᑐᑦ ᐱᓇᓱᐊᕐᓃᓪᓗ ᑕᒪᐃᓐᓇ ᑳᓯᓅᑉ ᐱᒋᐊᕈᑎᖓᓄᑦ ᑐᓂᔭᐅᕙᒃᑐᑦ, ᑕᐃᒪᐃᓕᖓᑦ ᐊᒃᓴᓗᐊᖅ ᐃᓚᖏᓐᓂᒃ ᓈᓴᐅᑎᓂᒃ ᐱᐅᓯᑎᑦᓯᔪᖅ ᑳᓯᓅᑉ ᓇᒻᒥᓂᖅ ᓈᓴᐅᑎᓕᐊᖏᓐᓂ ᓴᖅᑭᕙᒃᑐᖅ. ᑳᓯᓄᓗ ᐊᑦᑕᓇᖅᑐᒥᒃ ᐱᓂᕐᒧᑦ ᐱᔾᔪᑎᖃᙱᑦᑐᖅ. ᓈᒻᒪᒃᑐᖅ ᐊᑕᐅᓯᖅ ᓯᕉᐊᒃᓴᓗᐊᖅᓯᕉᐊᑕᐅᓯᖅ ᐅᔾᔪᐊᕌᔭᒃ ᐃᓂ ᐊᔾᔨᒌᒃᑐᒥᒃ ᐊᑭᓕᐅᑎᓕᖕᓄᑦ, ᑕᓴᓐᓄᑦ ᓇᑉᐸᖅᑐᓄᓪᓘᓐᓃᑦ ᐱᙳᐊᕈᑏᑦ ᐃᓚᐅᑎᙱᑕᖓ; ᑳᓯᓅᑉ ᐃᓚᖓᑕ ᐱᓇᓪᓗᑎᖓ. ᐊᓯᐊᓂ ᐊᑎᖏᑦ: ᐊᑕᐅᓯᖅ ᓯᕉ, 0.ᐃᓘᓐᓇᖓ ᐅᖃᓕᒫᕐᓗᒍ → ᐊᒃᓴᓗᐊᖅ ᐱᙳᐊᕈᑏᑦ ᐃᓘᓐᓇᖏᓐᓂᑦ 2.70%-ᒥᒃ ᑎᒍᓯᕙᒃᑐᖅ, ᑕᒡᓚᖅᓯᒪᔪᓗ ᐱᔪᓐᓇᐅᑎᒥᒃ ᐊᓯᐅᔾᔨᑎᑦᓯᓂᐊᖅᑐᖅ.
ᑭᖑᓂᐊᒍᑦ ᐱᙳᐊᕈᑎᓕᐅᕐᓂᖅ
ᑐᖃᓪᓚᕆᒃᑐᖅ ᕉᓚᑦᒥ ᑕᒡᓚᕐᓂᖅ ᑭᖑᓂᐊᒍᑦ ᐱᙳᐊᕈᑎᓕᐅᕐᓂᖅ (past-posting): ᓯᑉᑮᓇᐅᔭᖅᓯᑉᓇᓗᓇᐃᒃᑯᑎ ᐊᑭᖃᐃᓐᓇᖅᑐᖅ, ᐱᙳᐊᕈᑎᓕᕆᕝᕕᖕᒥ ᐃᓕᔭᐅᔪᖅ ᐱᙳᐊᕈᑎᓕᐅᕐᓂᕐᒧᑦ. ᐊᓯᐊᓂ ᐊᑎᖓ: ᓯᐊᒃ (check).ᐃᓘᓐᓇᖓ ᐅᖃᓕᒫᕐᓗᒍ → ᐊᔪᒐᖅᑐᒥ ᐱᙳᐊᕈᑎᒥ ᖁᓛᓄᑦ ᐊᑖᓄᓘᓐᓃᑦ ᐃᓕᔭᐅᔪᖅ ᐊᖅᓴᖅ ᐃᓂᒧᑦ ᑎᑭᓚᐅᖅᑎᓪᓗᒍ, ᑕᐃᒪᓐᓇ ᐊᑭᓕᐅᑎᑮᓇᐅᔭᖅᐊᑭᓕᐅᑎᐊᔪᒐᖅᑐᖅ ᐱᙳᐊᕈᑎ ᖃᔅᓯᓂᒃ ᐅᑎᖅᑎᑦᓯᒻᒪᖔᑦ, “X 1-ᒧᑦ” ᐅᖃᐅᓯᐅᔪᖅ ᐱᙳᐊᕈᑎ ᑮᓇᐅᔭᖓ ᐅᑎᖅᑎᑕᐅᔪᖅ ᐃᓚᓇᒍ.ᐃᓘᓐᓇᖓ ᐅᖃᓕᒫᕐᓗᒍ → ᐱᔪᒪᔭᐅᓪᓗᓂ. ᐱᓕᕆᖃᑎᒌᓐᓂᒃ ᐱᔪᒪᔪᖅ. ᐊᑕᐅᓯᖅ ᐱᙳᐊᖅᑎᑦᓯᔨ ᐱᓕᕆᓪᓗᐊᖅᑎᓪᓗᒍ ᓯᑉᒥᒃ ᓅᑦᑎᔪᖅ, ᐱᙳᐊᖅᑎᑦᓯᔨᐅᑉ ᑕᑯᓯᒪᙱᑕᖓ ᑮᓇᐅᔭᓂᒃ ᐱᔪᖅ, ᐊᓯᐊᓗ ᐱᙳᐊᖅᑎᑦᓯᔩᑦ ᑲᒥᒃᑕᖏᓐᓂᒃ ᑕᑯᓐᓇᖅᑐᖅ ᐊᒡᒐᒃᑯᓪᓗ ᓄᖅᑲᖁᔨᔪᓐᓇᖅᑐᖅ. ᐱᕕᒃᓴᖅ ᐊᑭᓕᐅᑎ ᓇᒻᒥᓂᖅ, ᐱᙳᐊᖅᑎᑦᓯᔨ ᓯᓚᑖᓂ ᐊᔪᒐᖅᑎᒧᑦ ᓯᑉᐳᓂᒃ ᑎᒍᓯᓇᓱᒃᓗᓂ ᓴᖑᒃᐸᑦ ᐃᓗᐊᓃᑦᑐᓪᓗ ᓈᓴᐅᑏᑦ ᐅᓄᙱᑦᑐᓂ ᓯᑭᓐᓂ ᑕᑯᓐᓇᖅᑕᐅᙱᓐᓂᐊᖅᑐᑦ.
ᕆᑦᓴᑦ ᒫᑲᔅ
ᕆᑦᓴᑦ ᒫᑲᔅ (Richard Marcus) ᐱᙳᐊᖅᑎᑦᓯᔨᐅᓚᐅᖅᑐᖅ Four Queens-ᒥ ᓛᔅ ᕖᒐᔅᒥ 1970-ᖏᓐᓂ, ᑭᖑᓂᐊᒍᑦ ᐱᙳᐊᕈᑎᓕᐅᖅᑎᓄᑦ ᐱᓕᕆᖃᑎᒌᓐᓄᑦ ᐃᓚᐅᖁᔭᐅᓪᓗᓂ. ᓇᒻᒥᓂᖅ ᐅᖃᐅᓯᖓᓂ ᐃᓚᐅᓚᐅᖅᑐᖅ, ᑕᐃᒪᓐᓇ ᓇᒻᒥᓂᖅ ᐱᓕᕆᖃᑎᒌᓐᓂᒃ ᓯᕗᓕᖅᑎᐅᓪᓗᓂ, ᖃᓂᒋᔮᒍᑦ 25 ᐊᕐᕌᒍᓂ ᕉᓚᑦᒥ, craps-ᒥ blackjack-ᒥᓗ, ᓄᖅᑲᓚᐅᖅᑐᓗ ᖃᓂᒋᔮᒍᑦ 2000-ᒥ ᐱᓗᐊᖅᓯᒪᓂᕋᐅᔭᖅᑕᐅᓚᐅᖅᓯᒪᙱᑦᑐᖅ. 2003-ᒥ ᐃᓅᓯᒥᓂᒃ ᐅᓂᒃᑳᖓ ᕉᓚᑦᒥ ᐱᓂᕐᒥᒃ ᓇᓗᓇᐃᖅᓯᔪᖅ. ᐱᙳᐊᖅᑏᒃ ᒪᕐᕉᒃ ᐱᖓᔪᐊᓄᑦ ᑕᓴᓐᒧᑦᐱᙳᐊᕈᑎᑕᓴᓐ1–12, 13–24 ᐅᕝᕙᓘᓐᓃᑦ 25–36, ᐊᑭᓕᐅᑎ 2:1.ᐃᓘᓐᓇᖓ ᐅᖃᓕᒫᕐᓗᒍ → ᐱᙳᐊᕈᑎᓕᐅᖃᑦᑕᖅᑐᒃ, ᓯᑉ ᓯᑉ ᑭᖑᓂᐊᒍᑦ, ᑲᐃᕙᕐᓂᖅ ᑲᐃᕙᕐᓂᖅ ᑭᖑᓂᐊᒍᑦ, ᐊᔪᒐᖅᐸᑦ; ᐱᙳᐊᖅᑎᑦᓯᔨ ᑕᓴᓐᒥᒃ ᐊᑭᓕᖅᑎᓪᓗᒍ, ᐊᒡᒐ $100 ᓯᑉᒥᒃ ᐊᔪᒐᖅᑐᑦ ᐊᑕᐅᓯᕐᒧᑦ ᐱᙳᐊᕈᑏᑦ ᖁᓚᐃᔭᖅᑕᐅᓯᒪᔪᑦ ᐊᑖᓄᑦ ᐃᓕᔪᖅ. ᑮᓇᐅᔭᓂᒃ ᐱᔪᖅ ᓯᕗᓂᐊᓂ ᓱᓕᔪᒥᒃ $100 ᐊᑕᐅᓯᕐᒧᑦ ᐱᙳᐊᕈᑎᓕᐅᖅᓯᒪᔪᖅ, ᑕᐃᒪᐃᓕᖓᑦ ᐱᙳᐊᖅᑎᑦᓯᔩᑦ ᑲᒥᒃᑕᖏᑦ ᑕᐃᒪᐃᑦᑐᒥᒃ ᐱᙳᐊᖅᑎᐅᓂᖓᓂᒃ ᐃᖃᐅᒪᔪᑦ, ᐊᐅᓚᑦᑎᓂᕐᓗ $3,500-ᒥᒃ ᐊᑭᓕᒃ. ᐱᙳᐊᕈᑎᓕᕆᕝᕕᒃᐊᑐᖅᑕᐅᔪᑦᐱᙳᐊᕈᑎᓕᕆᕝᕕᒃᐱᙳᐊᕐᕕᒻᒥ ᑎᑎᕋᖅᓯᒪᔪᑦ ᐱᙳᐊᕈᑏᑦ ᐊᓪᓚᖏᑦ. ᐊᓯᐊᓂ ᐊᑎᖏᑦ: ᐱᙳᐊᕐᕕᒃ, ᐅᓗᐱᓕᒐᖅ, ᐊᓐᓄᕌᒃᓴᖅ.ᐃᓘᓐᓇᖓ ᐅᖃᓕᒫᕐᓗᒍ → ᐱᓕᕆᓪᓗᐊᖅᑎᑦᓯᓂᖅ ᐱᓕᕆᖃᑎᒌᓐᓄᑦ ᐊᑭᖃᖅᑐᖅ ᑭᓯᐊᓂ ᑳᓯᓅᑉ ᐃᓚᖓᓂᒃᓈᓴᐃᓂᖅᑳᓯᓅᑉ ᐃᓚᖓᐱᙳᐊᕈᑎ ᐊᑐᓂ ᑳᓯᓅᑉ ᐊᔾᔨᒌᒃᑎᓪᓗᒋᑦ ᐱᓯᒪᓂᖅᓴᖅᑕᖓ: ᐃᐅᕌᐸ ᕉᓚᑦᒥ 2.70%.ᐃᓘᓐᓇᖓ ᐅᖃᓕᒫᕐᓗᒍ → ᐃᔪᖅᑲᐃᔾᔪᑎᒋᔭᐅᔪᓂ ᐱᙳᐊᕈᑎᓂ.
ᓴᕚᓇ
ᒫᑲᔅ ᑐᓴᖅᑕᐅᓂᖅᐹᖅ ᐊᐅᓚᑦᑎᓂᖓ ᑭᖑᓂᐊᒍᑦ ᐱᙳᐊᕈᑎᓕᐅᕐᓂᐅᙱᑦᑐᖅ. ᑲᐃᕙᕐᓂᖅ ᓯᕗᓂᐊᓂ $5 ᓯᑉᒥᒃ $5,000 ᓯᑉ ᖁᓛᓄᑦ ᐃᓕᕙᓚᐅᖅᑐᖅ ᓯᓚᑖᓂ ᐱᙳᐊᕈᑎᒥᐱᙳᐊᕈᑎᓯᓚᑖᓂ ᐱᙳᐊᕈᑎᐱᙳᐊᕈᑎ ᓈᓴᐅᑏᑦ ᐊᓪᓚᖓᑕ ᐊᕙᓗᐊᓂ ᓯᑕᒪᐅᓕᐊᓄᑦ: ᑕᓴᓐᑦ, ᓇᑉᐸᖅᑐᑦ ᐊᔾᔨᒌᒃᑐᒥᒡᓗ ᐊᑭᓕᐅᑎᓖᑦ ᐱᙳᐊᕈᑏᑦ.ᐃᓘᓐᓇᖓ ᐅᖃᓕᒫᕐᓗᒍ →, ᐊᖏᔪᖅ ᓯᑉ ᑐᓄᐊᓄᑦ ᐊᔭᐅᖅᑕᐅᓪᓗᓂ ᐱᙳᐊᖅᑎᑦᓯᔨ ᒥᑭᑦᑐᒥᒃ ᖁᓚᐃᔭᖅᑕᐅᓯᒪᔪᒥᒃ ᑭᓯᐊᓂ ᑕᑯᓂᐊᖁᓪᓗᒍ. ᐱᙳᐊᕈᑎ ᐊᔪᒐᖅᐸᑦ, ᐱᙳᐊᖅᑎᑦᓯᔨ ᐊᖏᔪᒥᒃ ᓯᑉᒥᒃ ᓇᓂᓯᓯᒪᓪᓗᓂ ᐊᑭᓕᖅᐸᓚᐅᖅᑕᖓ: $5,005 ᐊᐅᐸᓗᒃᑐᒥ, $10,010 ᑕᓴᓐᒥ. ᐊᓯᐅᔾᔨᒃᐸᑦ, ᒫᑲᔅ ᐲᖅᑕᐅᓚᐅᖅᑎᓐᓇᒍ ᖁᓚᐃᔭᖅᑕᐅᓯᒪᔪᒥᒃ ᐲᖅᓯᕙᓚᐅᖅᑐᖅ, ᐊᐱᖅᑕᐅᒃᐸᓗ ᒪᕐᕉᖕᓂᒃ $5 ᓯᑉᐴᖕᓂᒃ ᓯᕗᓂᐊᓂ ᐃᔪᖅᑲᐃᓯᒪᔭᒥᓂᒃ ᐃᓕᔪᖅ; ᐱᙳᐊᖅᑎᑦᓯᔨ, ᐱᙳᐊᕈᑎ $10-ᐅᓂᕋᓚᐅᖅᑕᖓ, ᐱᐅᙱᑦᑐᒥᒃ ᑕᑯᓚᐅᙱᑦᑐᖅ. ᐊᔪᒐᖅᑐᑦ ᐱᙳᐊᕈᑏᑦ ᑕᒪᐃᓐᓇ ᓱᓕᔪᑦ ᐊᓯᐅᔾᔨᔪᓪᓗ ᑕᒪᐃᓐᓇ ᐲᖅᑐᑦ. ᑭᖑᓂᐊᒍᑦ ᐅᓂᒃᑳᑦ ᐅᖃᖅᑐᑦ ᖃᓂᒋᔮᒍᑦ $5 ᒥᓕᐊᓐ ᐱᑕᐅᓚᐅᕐᓂᖓᓂᒃ ᑳᓯᓅᑦ ᐊᑭᓕᖅᐸᓐᓂᖅᑎᓐᓇᒋᑦ.
ᐃᓗᐊᓂᑦ ᑕᒡᓚᕐᓂᖅ
ᕉᓚᑦᒥ ᑕᒡᓚᕐᓃᑦ ᐃᖅᑲᖅᑐᐃᕝᕕᒻᒧᑦ ᑎᑭᑦᑐᑦ ᒫᓐᓇ ᐅᐊᑦᑎᐊᕈᑦ ᐱᙳᐊᖅᑎᑦᓯᔨᒥᒃ ᐃᓚᓕᒃ. ᐅᐊᑦᑎᐊᕈᑦ ᐸᕐᓇᐅᑎ ᑭᖑᕙᖅᑐᖅ ᐱᙳᐊᕈᑎ: ᐱᙳᐊᖅᑎᑦᓯᔨ ᐃᓚᒥᓂᒃ ᐱᙳᐊᕈᑎᓕᐅᖁᔨᔪᖅ ᐃᓚᒋᐊᖅᓯᖁᔨᔪᕐᓘᓐᓃᑦ ᐊᖅᓴᖅ ᐃᓂᒧᑦ ᑎᑭᓚᐅᖅᑎᓪᓗᒍ, ᐅᕝᕙᓘᓐᓃᑦ ᐊᖅᓴᕐᒥᒃ ᓯᕗᓪᓕᐅᓪᓗᓂ ᒥᓯᒃᑎᑦᓯᔪᖅ ᐱᙳᐊᕈᑎ ᐊᓐᑕᒍᓴᒃᑯᑦ ᓄᖅᑲᕐᕕᐅᑉ ᓯᕗᓂᐊᓂ ᐃᓕᔭᐅᖁᓪᓗᒍ. ᑮᓇᐅᔭᑦ ᐊᖏᓗᐊᖅᐸᙱᑦᑐᑦ, ᐃᖅᑲᖅᑐᐃᓃᓪᓗ ᐅᐊᑦᑎᐊᕈᑦ ᓇᓗᓇᐃᖅᑕᐅᕙᒃᑐᑦ ᐱᙳᐊᕐᕕᑕᒫᑦ ᖁᓛᓂ ᐊᔾᔨᓕᐅᕈᑎᒃᑯᑦ, ᐅᕝᕙᓘᓐᓃᑦ ᐱᙳᐊᖅᑎ ᐊᑕᐅᓯᖅ ᐊᑕᐅᓯᐅᑉ ᐱᙳᐊᖅᑎᑦᓯᔨᐅᑉ ᐱᙳᐊᕐᕕᖓᓂ ᐊᔪᒐᖏᓐᓇᖅᐸᑦ.
ᓴᓇᕐᕈᑏᑦ ᐱᒋᐊᕈᑏᓪᓗ
ᐊᓐᑕᒍᓴᒃᑯᑦ ᕉᓚᑦ ᑕᒡᓚᕐᓂᖅ ᓯᑉᐳᓐᓂᑦ ᐱᒋᐊᕈᑎᒧᑦ ᓅᑦᑎᔪᖅ. 2007-ᐅᑉ ᐊᐅᔭᖓᓂ ᒪᕐᕉᒃ ᖃᕆᑕᐅᔭᓕᕆᔩᒃ ᓚᓐᑕᓐᒥ ᑳᓯᓅᓂ ᐱᒋᐊᕈᑎᖓ ᐊᓯᑦᑐᖅᓯᓚᐅᖅᑐᒃ, ᑕᐃᒪᓐᓇ ᑕᑯᔭᐅᔪᓂ ᕉᓚᑦ ᐱᙳᐊᕐᕕᖏᓐᓂ ᓴᓇᕐᕈᑏᑦ ᐊᔪᒐᖅᑐᑦ ᑎᑎᖅᑲᖏᓐᓂᒃ ᓴᖅᑭᑎᑦᓯᕙᓪᓗᑎᒃ, £600-ᒧᑦ ᑎᑭᑦᑐᓂᒃ ᐊᑕᐅᓯᑕᒫᖅ, ᓈᓴᐅᑎ ᓴᖅᑭᖅᑐᖅ ᖃᓄᐃᒃᑲᓗᐊᖅᐸᑦ. ᖃᓂᒋᔮᒍᑦ £33,000-ᒥᒃ ᑮᓇᐅᔭᓕᐅᓚᐅᖅᑐᒃ ᓯᑕᒪᓂ ᑳᓯᓅᓂ, ᑐᓗᒃᓯᒪᓂᕐᒥᒃ ᐱᓗᐊᖅᓯᒪᓂᕐᒥᓂᒃ ᐊᖏᓚᐅᖅᑐᒃ, ᐃᑦᑕᓇᕐᓂᖅ ᐊᓯᐊᓂᒃ ᐃᖅᑲᖅᑐᐃᑕᐅᓪᓗᑎᒃ 2010-ᒥ. ᐃᓂᑦᑎᐊᕐᓂᒃᑯᑦ, ᐱᙳᐊᖅᑎᒧᑦ ᐊᑦᑕᓇᖅᑐᖅ ᐱᔪᓐᓇᐅᑎᖃᙱᑦᑐᖅ ᐊᐅᓚᑦᑎᔨ, ᐱᒋᐊᕈᑎᖓ ᑭᒧᑐᐃᓐᓇᒧᑦ ᖃᐅᔨᓴᖅᑕᐅᙱᑦᑐᖅ. ᐱᔪᓐᓇᐅᑎᓖᓐᓄᑦ ᐱᙳᐊᕐᓂᕐᓄᑦ ᒪᓕᒐᓕᕆᔨᐅᑉ ᓇᓂᓯᓯᒪᔭᖓᓂᒃ ᕉᓚᑦᒥ ᓈᓴᐅᑎᓕᐅᕈᑎ ᑕᒡᓚᖅᓯᒪᔪᖅ ᓇᓂᓚᐅᙱᑦᑕᕗᑦ. ᐃᖅᑲᖅᑐᐃᕝᕕᒻᒧᑦ ᑎᑭᑦᑐᑦ ᐊᔪᕈᓐᓃᖅᑐᑦ: 2021-ᒥ BetMGM ᒥᓯᑲᓐ ᐱᙳᐊᖅᑎᐅᑉ ᐊᔪᒐᕐᓂᖏᓐᓂᒃ $50-ᒥᑦ ᖃᓂᒋᔮᒍᑦ $3.3 ᒥᓕᐊᓐᒧᑦ ᐃᓂᑦᑎᐊᕐᓂᒃᑯᑦ ᕉᓚᑦᒥ ᐲᖅᓯᓚᐅᖅᑐᖅ ᐱᒋᐊᕈᑎᐅᑉ ᐊᔪᕈᓐᓃᕐᓂᖓᓂᒃ ᐱᔾᔪᑎᖃᖅᓗᓂ, 2025-ᒥᓗ ᓄᓇᐅᑉ ᖁᑦᑎᓂᖅᐹᖓ ᐃᖅᑲᖅᑐᐃᕝᕕᖓ ᐊᓃᖅᓯᓂᖓᓂᒃ ᓯᕗᒧᐊᖁᔨᓚᐅᖅᑐᖅ. ᐊᔪᕈᓐᓃᖅᑐᖅ ᑳᓯᓅᑉ ᐊᑭᓕᕈᒪᙱᑕᖓ ᐊᖏᖃᑎᒌᓐᓂᕐᒧᑦ ᐊᖏᖃᑎᒌᙱᓐᓂᐅᔪᖅ, ᐱᙳᐊᕐᓂᖅ ᑕᒡᓚᖅᓯᒪᓂᖓᓂᒃ ᓇᓗᓇᐃᖅᓯᔪᐃᙱᑦᑐᖅ.
ᓴᓇᕐᕈᑏᑦ, ᒪᓕᒐᓗ ᓇᒧᑦ ᑭᒡᓕᖃᕐᒪᖔᑦ
ᐊᖅᓴᕐᒥᒃ ᓂᕆᐅᒋᓇᓱᒃᓂᖅ ᓇᒻᒥᓂᖅ ᑕᒡᓚᕐᓂᐅᙱᑦᑐᖅ. ᓴᖑᓯᒪᔪᒥᒃ ᐊᒃᓴᓗᐊᕐᒥᒃ ᑕᑯᓐᓇᕐᓂᖅ, ᔪᓯᕝ ᔮᒡᒐᐅᑉ ᒑᓯᐊ-ᐱᓚᔪᓪᓗ ᐃᓚᒌᑦ ᓴᓇᔭᖏᑐᑦ, ᑭᓇᑐᐃᓐᓇᐅᑉ ᑲᑎᑦᑎᔪᓐᓇᖅᑕᖓᓂᒃ ᑐᓴᒐᒃᓴᓂᒃ ᐊᑐᐃᔪᖅ. ᓯᐸᐃᓐ ᖁᑦᑎᓂᖅᐹᖓ ᐃᖅᑲᖅᑐᐃᕝᕕᖓ 2004-ᒥ ᐃᖅᑲᖅᑐᐃᓚᐅᖅᑐᖅ ᒑᓯᐊ-ᐱᓚᔪᑦ ᐃᓱᒪᒥᓂᒃ ᖃᕆᑕᐅᔭᕐᒥᒡᓗ ᐊᑐᓚᐅᕐᓂᖏᓐᓂᒃ, ᑕᒡᓚᕐᓂᐅᙱᑦᑐᒥᒃ, ᑳᓯᓅᓪᓗ ᐋᖅᑭᒃᓯᔾᔪᑎᖓ ᐊᒃᓴᓗᐊᖏᓐᓂᒃ ᐊᓯᑦᑐᖅᓯᓂᖅ. ᖃᕆᑕᐅᔭᕐᒥᒃ ᐱᙳᐊᕐᕕᒻᒧᑦ ᐃᑦᑕᕆᐊᖅᓯᓂᖅ ᐊᔾᔨᒋᙱᑦᑐᖅ. ᓃᕙᑕ ᐱᓗᐊᕈᓯᕆᔭᐅᓕᖅᑎᓯᒪᔭᖓ ᓴᓇᕐᕈᑎᒥᒃ ᐱᙳᐊᕐᓂᐅᑉ ᐃᓱᓕᓐᓂᖓᓂᒃ ᓂᕆᐅᒋᓇᓱᒃᑐᒥᒃ ᐱᔪᓐᓇᕐᓂᖏᓐᓂᓘᓐᓃᑦ ᖃᐅᔨᓴᖅᑐᒥᒃ ᐊᑐᐃᓂᖅ ᐱᑕᖃᕐᓂᓘᓐᓃᑦ, 1985-ᒥᓗ ᐱᓗᐊᕈᓯᐊᓘᓕᖅᑎᓯᒪᔭᖓ. ᐱᕆᑕᓐ Gambling Act 2005-ᖓ ᑕᒡᓚᕐᓂᖅ ᐱᓗᐊᕈᓯᕆᔭᐅᑎᑦᓯᔪᖅ ᐅᖃᖅᑐᓗ ᐱᙳᐊᕐᓂᐅᑉ ᐊᐅᓚᓂᖓᓂᒃ ᐊᓯᑦᑐᖅᓯᓂᐅᔪᓐᓇᕐᓂᖓᓂᒃ; 2017-ᒥ ᐱᕆᑕᓐ ᖁᑦᑎᓂᖅᐹᖓ ᐃᖅᑲᖅᑐᐃᕝᕕᖓ, Ivey v Genting-ᒥ, ᐃᖅᑲᖅᑐᐃᓚᐅᖅᑐᖅ ᑕᒡᓚᕐᓂᖅ ᓱᓕᙱᓐᓂᐅᑦᑐᐊᕆᐊᖃᙱᓐᓂᖓᓂᒃ.
ᑕᒡᓚᕐᓂᕐᒥᒃ ᑎᑎᕋᖅᓯᒪᔪᑦ ᐃᓘᓐᓇᖏᑦ ᐅᑎᖅᑎᑦᓯᕙᒃᑕᖏᑦ ᐅᓂᒃᑳᑦ
ᒪᕐᕉᒃ ᐅᓂᒃᑳᒃ ᕉᓚᑦᒥ ᑕᒡᓚᖅᑎᓂᒃ ᒪᑉᐱᒐᓂ ᐊᒥᓱᓂ ᓴᖅᑭᕙᒃᑐᒃ, ᐱᕝᕕᒋᔭᖃᖅᑐᖃᙱᑦᑐᖅ. ᐱᐊ ᑐᒑᓪ (Pierre Dugal), ᐅᐃᕖ ᐊᖑᑦ ᐊᒃᓴᓗᐊᓂᒃ ᑕᒡᓚᖅᓯᓚᐅᕐᓂᕋᐅᔭᖅᑕᐅᔪᖅ 19-ᖓᓂ ᐊᕐᕌᒍᐃᑦ ᑕᑕᑎᒐᖏᓐᓂ ᐱᒋᐊᕐᓂᖓᓂ ᓄᓕᐊᕐᒥᓄᓪᓗ ᐱᔪᓐᓇᐃᖅᑎᑕᐅᓪᓗᓂ, ᐅᓪᓗᖃᙱᑦᑐᖅ, ᑳᓯᓄᖃᙱᑦᑐᖅ ᐃᖅᑲᖅᑐᐃᓂᖃᙱᑦᑐᓗ ᓴᖅᑭᕙᒃᑐᖅ. ᒧᓃᒃ ᓗᕌᓐ (Monique Laurent), 1970-ᖏᓐᓂ ᓈᓚᐅᑎᒃᑯᑦ ᐊᐅᓚᑕᐅᔪᒥᒃ ᐊᖅᓴᕐᒥᒃ ᑐᑭᒧᐊᖅᑎᑦᓯᓚᐅᕐᓂᕋᐅᔭᖅᑕᐅᔪᖅ ᑐᓂᔨᒥᑦ ᓯᒑᓕᑦ ᐃᓗᓕᐅᕐᒥ ᐃᔪᖅᑲᐃᓯᒪᔪᒥᑦ, ᐊᔾᔨᒌᙱᑦᑐᓂ ᐅᓂᒃᑳᓂ ᓴᖅᑭᕙᒃᑐᖅ, ᑳᓯᓄ, ᑮᓇᐅᔭᑦ ᐅᓄᖅᑎᒋᓂᖏᑦ, “5 ᒥᓕᐊᓐ ᕗᕋᓐᑦ” ᐅᕝᕙᓘᓐᓃᑦ “$1 ᒥᓕᐊᓐ”, ᑎᒍᔭᐅᓚᐅᕐᒪᖔᓪᓗ ᐊᔾᔨᒌᙱᑦᑐᑦ. ᑐᓴᒐᒃᓴᐅᑎᒥᒃ, ᐃᖅᑲᖅᑐᐃᓂᕐᒧᑦ ᑎᑎᕋᖅᓯᒪᔪᒥᒃ ᑕᐃᑦᓱᒪᓂᓘᓐᓃᑦ ᐅᖃᓕᒫᒐᕐᒥᒃ ᐊᑕᐅᓯᕐᒧᑦ ᓇᓂᓚᐅᙱᑦᑐᒍᑦ. ᐊᓯᒃ ᒪᕐᕉᒃ ᐅᖃᐅᓯᒃ ᓱᓕᙱᑦᑐᒃ: ᒑᓯᐊ-ᐱᓚᔪᐅᑉ ᐃᖅᑲᖅᑐᐃᓂᖓ ᓯᐸᐃᓐᒥ ᐃᖅᑲᖅᑐᐃᑕᐅᓚᐅᖅᑐᖅ, ᐊᒥᐊᓕᑲᐅᑉ ᖁᑦᑎᓂᖅᐹᖓᓄᑦ ᐃᖅᑲᖅᑐᐃᕝᕕᖓᓄᑦ ᐱᙱᑦᑐᖅ, ᕆᑦᓴᓪᓗ ᒫᑲᔅ, ᓇᒻᒥᓂᖅ ᐅᖃᐅᓯᖓᓂ ᑭᖑᓂᐊᒍᓪᓗ ᐊᐱᖅᓱᖅᑕᐅᓂᖏᓐᓂ, ᐱᓗᐊᖅᓯᒪᓂᕋᐅᔭᖅᑕᐅᓚᐅᖅᓯᒪᙱᑦᑐᖅ.
ᑳᓯᓄ ᖃᓄᖅ ᓇᓂᓯᕙᒻᒪᖔᑦ
ᐱᙳᐊᖅᑎᑦᓯᔨᐅᑉ ᐱᓕᕆᐊᖏᑦ ᐊᒥᓲᓂᖅᐸᖏᑦ ᖁᓛᓂ ᓯᑉᐳᑦ ᐊᐅᓚᑦᑎᓃᓐᓂᑦ ᓴᐳᔾᔨᔪᑦ. “ᐱᙳᐊᕈᑎᓕᐅᕐᓂᖅ ᓄᖅᑲᖅᑐᖅᐊᐅᓚᑦᓯᓂᖅᐱᙳᐊᕈᑎᓕᐅᕐᓂᖅ ᓄᖅᑲᖅᑐᖅᐱᙳᐊᖅᑎᑦᓯᔨᐅᑉ ᐅᖃᐅᓯᖓ (ᐅᕝᕙᓘᓐᓃᑦ ᖃᕆᑕᐅᔭᕐᒥ ᑕᑯᔭᐅᑎᑕᐅᔪᖅ) ᐱᙳᐊᕈᑎᓕᐅᕐᓂᖅ ᒪᑐᔭᖓ. ᓯᑉᐳᑦ ᐃᓕᔭᐅᔪᓐᓃᖅᑐᑦ, ᓅᑦᑎᑕᐅᔪᓐᓃᖅᑐᑦ ᐲᖅᑕᐅᔪᓐᓃᖅᑐᓪᓗ.ᐃᓘᓐᓇᖓ ᐅᖃᓕᒫᕐᓗᒍ →” ᐱᙳᐊᕈᑎᓕᕆᕝᕕᒃ ᒪᑐᔪᖅ ᐊᖅᓴᖅ ᐃᓂᒧᑦ ᑎᑭᓚᐅᖅᑎᓐᓇᒍ. ᓇᓗᓇᐃᒃᑯᑎᐊᑐᖅᑕᐅᔪᑦᓇᓗᓇᐃᒃᑯᑎᓇᓗᓇᐃᒃᑯᑎ ᐱᙳᐊᕈᑎᓕᕆᕝᕕᖕᒥ ᐊᔪᒐᖅᑐᒧᑦ ᓈᓴᐅᑎᒧᑦ ᐃᓕᔭᐅᔪᖅ ᐱᙳᐊᕈᑏᑦ ᐊᑭᓕᖅᑕᐅᑎᓪᓗᒋᑦ.ᐃᓘᓐᓇᖓ ᐅᖃᓕᒫᕐᓗᒍ → ᐊᔪᒐᖅᑐᒥᒃ ᓈᓴᐅᑎᒥᒃ ᓇᓗᓇᐃᖅᓯᔪᖅ, ᐃᓕᔭᐅᓯᒪᑎᓪᓗᒍᓗ ᐱᙳᐊᕐᕕᒻᒥ ᓇᓕᒧᑐᐃᓐᓇᖅ ᓅᑦᑕᐅᔪᓐᓇᙱᑦᑐᖅ. ᐊᓯᐅᔾᔨᔪᑦ ᓯᑉᐳᑦ ᐲᖅᑕᐅᕙᒃᑐᑦ ᐊᔪᒐᖅᑎ ᓇᓕᒧᑐᐃᓐᓇᖅ ᐊᑭᓕᖅᑕᐅᓚᐅᖅᑎᓐᓇᒍ, ᑕᐃᒪᐃᓕᖓᑦ ᐊᓯᐅᔾᔨᔪᖅ ᐱᙳᐊᕈᑎ ᐊᑭᓕᖅᑎᓪᓗᒍ ᐅᑎᖅᑎᑕᐅᔪᓐᓇᙱᑦᑐᖅ. ᐱᙳᐊᖅᑎᑦᓯᔨ ᐊᑭᓕᓐᓂᖅᓴᒥᒃ ᓯᑉᒥᒃ ᑕᑯᒃᐸᑦ ᐱᙳᐊᖅᑎᑦᓯᔩᑦ ᑲᒥᒃᑕᖏᓐᓄᑦ ᓂᐱᖃᖅᑐᒥᒃ ᐅᖃᐅᑎᔪᖅ, ᑕᐃᒪᐃᓕᖓᑦ ᒫᑲᔅ ᑮᓇᐅᔭᓂᒃ ᐱᔪᖓ ᓯᕗᓪᓕᐅᓪᓗᓂ ᓱᓕᔪᒥᒃ ᐊᖏᔪᒥᒃ ᐱᙳᐊᕈᑎᓕᐅᖃᑦᑕᓚᐅᖅᑐᖅ. ᑕᕐᕋᓕᒃ ᓯᑉᐳᑦᐱᙳᐊᕐᕕᒃᑕᕐᕋᓕᒃ ᓯᑉᐳᑦᕉᓚᑦᒧᑦ ᑭᓯᐊᓂ ᓯᑉᐳᑦ, ᐱᙳᐊᕐᕕᒻᒥ ᐱᙳᐊᖅᑎ ᐊᑐᓂ ᐃᒻᒥᓂᖅ ᑕᕐᕋᓕᒃ, ᐊᑭᖏᑦ ᓯᑉᐳᓂᒃ ᓂᐅᕕᖅᑎᓪᓗᒋᑦ ᐋᖅᑭᒃᓯᒪᔪᑦ. ᐊᓯᐊᓂ ᐊᑎᖏᑦ: ᐊᒃᓴᓗᐊᑉ ᓯᑉᐳᖏᑦ.ᐃᓘᓐᓇᖓ ᐅᖃᓕᒫᕐᓗᒍ →, ᐱᙳᐊᖅᑎᑕᒫᖅ ᑕᕐᕋᒥᓂᒃ, ᐊᓯᐊᑕ ᓯᑉᖓᓂᒃ ᓇᓗᓇᐃᓪᓗᐊᖅᑎᑦᓯᔪᑦ, ᖁᓛᓂᓗ ᐊᔾᔨᓕᐅᕈᑏᑦ ᐊᑭᓕᐅᑏᑦ ᑕᒪᐃᓐᓇ ᖃᐅᔨᓴᖅᑕᐅᓂᐊᖅᓗᑎᒃ ᐊᔾᔨᓕᐅᖅᐸᒃᑕᖏᑦ. ᑳᓯᓅᑉ ᐊᓯᖏᑦ ᐃᓚᖏᑦ ᐊᓯᖏᓐᓂᒃ ᐸᕐᓇᐅᑎᓂᒃ ᓴᐳᔾᔨᔪᑦ.
ᐱᙳᐊᖅᑎᒧᑦ ᐊᔾᔨᒌᒃᑐᒧᑦ ᑐᑭᖓ
ᐱᔪᓐᓇᐅᑎᓕᒻᒥ ᑳᓯᓄᒥ ᑕᒡᓚᖅᓯᒪᔪᖅ ᐊᒃᓴᓗᐊᖅ ᐱᐅᓯᑐᖃᐅᓕᖅᑐᖅ, ᐱᙳᐊᕐᕕᒻᒥᓗ ᑕᒡᓚᖅᑏᑦ ᑳᓯᓄᒥᒃ ᑐᓗᒃᓯᔪᑦ, ᓴᓂᐊᓃᑦᑐᓂᒃ ᐱᙳᐊᖅᑎᓂᒃ ᐱᙱᑦᑐᑦ. ᐱᙳᐊᕐᕕᒻᒥ ᒪᓕᒐᒃᑯᑦ ᐊᐅᓚᑦᑎᓂᖅ ᓈᒻᒪᒃᑐᒥᒃ ᐊᒃᓴᓗᐊᕐᒥᒃ ᐊᔪᖅᑎᑦᓯᔪᓐᓇᙱᑦᑐᖅ, ᕉᓚᑦᒥᓗ ᑕᒡᓚᖅᑎᐅᑉ ᓴᓇᔭᖓ ᐊᓯᖏᓐᓄᑦ ᐱᔪᓐᓇᕐᓂᖏᑦ ᐊᔾᔨᒌᙱᓐᓂᖏᓐᓂᒃ ᐊᓯᑦᑐᖅᓯᙱᑦᑐᖅ. ᒪᕐᕉᒃ ᐱᐅᓯᒃ ᐱᙳᐊᖅᑎᒥᒃ ᐃᓱᒪᒋᔭᐅᓂᕐᒥᑦ ᓴᐳᔾᔨᔪᒃ. ᓇᓗᓇᐃᒃᑯᑎ ᐃᓕᔭᐅᓯᒪᑎᓪᓗᒍ ᓯᑉᐳᑎᑦ ᐊᑦᑐᙱᓪᓗᒋᑦ, ᐊᔪᒐᖅᑐᑦ ᐃᓚᓗᒋᑦ, ᑕᐃᑦᓱᒪᓂ ᑎᒍᓯᓇᓱᒃᑐᖅ ᐊᔾᔨᓕᐅᕈᑏᑦ ᓇᓂᓯᓇᓱᒃᑕᖏᑕ ᐊᐅᓚᑦᑎᓂᕐᒧᑦ ᐊᔾᔨᐅᓪᓚᕆᒻᒪᑦ. ᐱᙳᐊᖅᑎᑦᓯᔨᒧᓪᓗ ᐃᑲᔪᕈᒪᔪᒧᑦ ᐊᖏᙱᓪᓗᑎᑦ, ᑭᖑᕙᖅᑐᖅ ᐱᙳᐊᕈᑎ ᐃᑲᔪᕐᓂᐅᓪᓗᓂ ᐊᖏᖅᑕᐅᔪᖅ ᓂᐅᕕᖅᑕᐅᔪᑐᑦ ᐱᓗᐊᕈᓯᐅᒻᒪᑦ. ᐃᓂᑦᑎᐊᕐᓂᒃᑯᑦ, ᐱᙳᐊᕐᓗᑎᑦ ᑭᓯᐊᓂ ᐊᐅᓚᑦᑎᔨᐅᑉ ᐱᔪᓐᓇᐅᑎᖓ ᒪᓕᒐᓕᕆᔨᒃᑯᑦ ᖃᐅᔨᓴᖅᑕᐅᔪᓐᓇᖅᐸᑦ. ᐱᔪᓐᓇᐅᑎᖃᙱᑦᑐᖅ ᐱᙳᐊᕐᓂᖅ ᐃᓂ ᐊᑕᐅᓯᐊᖅ ᒫᓐᓇᐅᔪᖅ ᐱᙳᐊᖅᑎ 1890-ᒥ ᐊᒃᓴᓗᐊᕐᒥᒃ ᑐᑭᓯᓂᐊᕈᓐᓇᖅᑕᖓ.
ᐊᐱᖅᑯᑏᑦ
ᐋᒃᑲ. ᐱᓇᓱᐊᕐᓂᖅ ᖃᐅᔨᒪᔭᐅᓕᖅᑎᓪᓗᒍ ᐱᙳᐊᕈᑎᒥᒃ ᐊᓯᑦᑐᖅᓯᓂᖅ ᑕᒡᓚᕐᓂᐅᔪᖅ ᐱᙳᐊᕐᓂᖅ ᒪᓕᒐᒃᑯᑦ ᐱᔭᐅᔪᓐᓇᕐᕕᖏᓐᓂ ᑕᒪᐃᓐᓂ.
ᓃᕙᑕᒥ ᑕᐃᒪᐃᑦᑐᒥᒃ ᓴᓇᕐᕈᑎᒥᒃ ᐊᑐᐃᓂᖅ 1985-ᒥᑦ ᐱᓗᐊᕈᓯᐊᓘᓯᒪᔪᖅ. ᐊᓯᖏᓐᓂ ᒪᓕᒐᐃᑦ ᐊᔾᔨᒌᙱᑦᑐᑦ; ᑕᑯᓗᒍ ᐱᐅᓂᖅᓴᐅᓂᕐᒥᒃ ᕿᓂᕐᓂᖅ.
ᐊᒥᓱᐃᖅᓱᖅᓗᓂ ᐊᐱᖅᓱᖅᑕᐅᓚᐅᖅᑐᖅ, ᓇᒻᒥᓂᖅ ᐅᖃᐅᓯᖓᓂ ᑭᖑᓂᐊᒍᓪᓗ ᐊᐱᖅᓱᖅᑕᐅᓂᖏᓐᓂ, ᐱᓗᐊᖅᓯᒪᓂᕋᐅᔭᖅᑕᐅᓚᐅᖅᓯᒪᙱᑦᑐᖅ. ᑭᖑᓂᐊᒍᑦ ᑳᓯᓄᓂᒃ ᐱᙳᐊᕐᓂᐅᑉ ᓴᐳᔾᔭᐅᓂᖓᓂᒃ ᐅᖃᐅᔾᔨᓯᕙᓚᐅᖅᑐᖅ.
ᑕᒡᓚᖅᑕᐅᓯᒪᔪᖅ: Smithsonian 1930-ᖏᓐᓂ ᑕᒪᑐᒧᖓ ᓴᓇᔭᐅᓯᒪᔪᒥᒃ ᐊᒃᓴᓗᐊᕐᒥᒃ ᐱᑕᖃᖅᑐᖅ. ᐱᔪᓐᓇᐅᑎᓖᑦ ᑳᓯᓅᑦ ᑕᐃᑦᑎᐊᕐᓂᐊᖅᑐᓂᒃ ᕿᓂᖅᐸᒃᑐᑦ ᐱᙳᐊᕐᕕᒃ ᒪᑐᐃᖅᑕᐅᓚᐅᖅᑎᓐᓇᒍ, ᓄᐊᕐᓯ ᔨᐅᓯᒥᓗ ᐊᖅᓴᖅ ᓴᕕᒥᒃ ᓇᓕᒧᑐᐃᓐᓇᒥᒃ ᐱᑕᖃᕆᐊᖃᙱᑦᑐᖅ.
ᐃᖅᑲᖅᑐᐃᕝᕕᒻᒧᑦ ᐊᐅᓪᓚᖅᑎᑕᐅᓂᖅ. ᐱᙳᐊᖅᑎᑦᓯᔩᑦ ᐃᓚᖏᓪᓗ ᐃᖅᑲᖅᑐᐃᑕᐅᓯᒪᔪᑦ ᐊᒥᐊᓕᑲᒥ, ᓄᑖᒥ ᓯᐃᓚᓐᒥ, ᐃᖏᓕᓐᓄᑦ ᓄᓇᖓᓂ ᓯᖕᒐᐳᐊᒥᓗ.
ᓈᓴᐃᓂᕐᒥᒃ ᐱᙳᐊᕐᓂᖅ
ᓯᕗᓪᓕᐅᓪᓗᓂ ᐃᓕᖕᓂᒃ ᐆᒃᑐᕐᓗᑎᑦ. ᑭᐅᔾᔪᑏᑦ ᐃᓗᓕᖏᑦ ᒪᑐᔭᐅᓯᒪᔪᑦ; ᐅᐸᒍᓐᓇᕈᕕᑦ ᒪᑐᐃᖅᓯᓗᒍ.
ᑕᒡᓚᖅᑎᓄᑦ ᑲᑐᔾᔨᖃᑎᒌᑦ ᐱᙳᐊᕈᑎᓂᒃ ᑭᖑᓂᐊᒍᑦ ᐃᓕᓯᔪᑦ ᐱᙳᐊᕈᑎᓕᕆᕝᕕᒃᐊᑐᖅᑕᐅᔪᑦᐱᙳᐊᕈᑎᓕᕆᕝᕕᒃᐱᙳᐊᕐᕕᒻᒥ ᑎᑎᕋᖅᓯᒪᔪᑦ ᐱᙳᐊᕈᑏᑦ ᐊᓪᓚᖏᑦ. ᐊᓯᐊᓂ ᐊᑎᖏᑦ: ᐱᙳᐊᕐᕕᒃ, ᐅᓗᐱᓕᒐᖅ, ᐊᓐᓄᕌᒃᓴᖅ.ᐃᓘᓐᓇᖓ ᐅᖃᓕᒫᕐᓗᒍ → ᐱᓕᕆᐊᖃᕐᑎᑦᓯᔪᑦ ᐱᖓᔪᐊ ᑕᓴᓐᐱᙳᐊᕈᑎᑕᓴᓐ1–12, 13–24 ᐅᕝᕙᓘᓐᓃᑦ 25–36, ᐊᑭᓕᐅᑎ 2:1.ᐃᓘᓐᓇᖓ ᐅᖃᓕᒫᕐᓗᒍ → ᑲᐃᕙᕐᓂᕐᒥ ᑕᒪᐃᓐᓂ ᐊᒥᐊᓕᑲ ᐊᒃᓴᓗᐊᖓᓂ ᐱᙳᐊᕈᑎᒋᓪᓗᒍ: 4 ᓯᑉᐳᑦᑮᓇᐅᔭᖅᓯᑉᓇᓗᓇᐃᒃᑯᑎ ᐊᑭᖃᐃᓐᓇᖅᑐᖅ, ᐱᙳᐊᕈᑎᓕᕆᕝᕕᖕᒥ ᐃᓕᔭᐅᔪᖅ ᐱᙳᐊᕈᑎᓕᐅᕐᓂᕐᒧᑦ. ᐊᓯᐊᓂ ᐊᑎᖓ: ᓯᐊᒃ (check).ᐃᓘᓐᓇᖓ ᐅᖃᓕᒫᕐᓗᒍ → ᓈᓴᐅᑏᓐᓄᑦ ᑕᒪᐃᓐᓄᑦ 25-ᒥᑦ 36-ᒧᑦ 20 ᓯᑉᐳᓪᓗ ᑕᓴᓐ ᐃᓂᖓᓄᑦ. ᑕᓴᓐ ᓴᖅᑭᑉᐸᑦ ᖃᔅᓯᓂᒃ ᐊᔪᒐᖅᐸᑦ, ᓴᖅᑭᙱᑉᐸᑦ ᖃᔅᓯᓂᒃ ᐊᓯᐅᔾᔨᕙᑦ, ᐅᑕᖅᑭᓂᕐᓗ ᖃᔅᓯᓂᒃ ᐊᑭᖃᖅᐸ?
ᑭᐅᔾᔪᑎ ᑕᑯᓗᒍ
ᑭᐅᔾᔪᑎ +136 ᓯᑉᐳᑦ ᓴᖅᑭᑉᐸᑦ −68-ᓗ ᓴᖅᑭᙱᑉᐸᑦ, ᑕᐃᒪᐃᒻᒪᑦ ᐊᔾᔨᒌᒃᑎᓪᓗᒋᑦ ᑲᑐᔾᔨᖃᑎᒌᑦ 3.58 ᓯᑉᐳᓂᒃ ᑲᐃᕙᕐᓂᕐᒥ ᐊᓯᐅᔾᔨᔪᑦ, 68-ᐅᑉ ᐊᑐᖅᑕᐅᓂᖅᐹᖅ 5.26%-ᖓ. ᑕᓴᓐ ᓴᖅᑭᑦᑐᖅ ᖃᓂᒋᔭᖓ 3.2 ᑲᐃᕙᕐᓃᑦ ᐃᓚᖏᓐᓂ ᐊᑕᐅᓯᕐᒥ.
ᑲᐃᕙᕐᓂᕐᒥ ᑕᒪᐃᓐᓂ 68 ᓯᑉᐳᑦ ᐃᓕᔭᐅᔪᑦ. 25-ᒥᑦ 36-ᒧᑦ ᐊᑕᐅᓯᖅ ᓴᖅᑭᑉᐸᑦ, 4 ᓯᑉᐳᑦ ᑕᐅᕙᓂ ᐊᔪᒐᖅᑐᑦ 35, 1-ᒧᑦ ᐅᑎᖅᑐᓪᓗ ᐱᙳᐊᕈᑎ ᑮᓇᐅᔭᖓᓂᒃ ᐃᓚᓕᒃ: 144 ᓯᑉᐳᑦ. ᑕᓴᓐ ᐊᑭᓕᐅᑎᖃᖅᑐᖅ 2, 1-ᒧᑦ 20 ᓯᑉᐳᓂ: 60 ᐅᑎᖅᑐᑦ. ᑕᒪᓐᓇ 204, 68 ᐱᙳᐊᕈᑎᒋᔭᐅᓯᒪᓪᓗᑎᒃ, +136. ᐊᓯᐊᓂ 68 ᑕᒪᕐᒥᒃ ᐊᓯᐅᔪᑦ.
ᐊᔾᔨᒌᒃᑎᓪᓗᒋᑦ: (12 × 136 − 26 × 68)/38 = (1,632 − 1,768)/38 = −3.58 ᓯᑉᐳᑦ ᑲᐃᕙᕐᓂᕐᒥ, ᑕᒪᓐᓇ 68-ᐅᑉ 5.26%-ᖓ. ᑕᓴᓐ ᓴᖅᑭᑦᑐᖅ 38 ᐃᓚᖏᓐᓂ 12-ᕆᐊᖅᓗᒍ, ᐊᔾᔨᒌᒃᑎᓪᓗᒋᑦ 3.2 ᑲᐃᕙᕐᓃᑦ ᐃᓚᖏᓐᓂ ᐊᑕᐅᓯᕐᒥ.
ᑕᐃᒪᐃᒻᒪᑦ ᐊᓪᓚᖅᓯᓂᖅ ᑲᑐᔾᔨᖃᑎᒌᖕᓄᑦ ᐊᑭᖃᙱᑦᑐᖅ ᑳᓯᓅᑉ ᐃᓚᖓᓂᑦᓈᓴᐃᓂᖅᑳᓯᓅᑉ ᐃᓚᖓᐱᙳᐊᕈᑎ ᐊᑐᓂ ᑳᓯᓅᑉ ᐊᔾᔨᒌᒃᑎᓪᓗᒋᑦ ᐱᓯᒪᓂᖅᓴᖅᑕᖓ: ᐃᐅᕌᐸ ᕉᓚᑦᒥ 2.70%.ᐃᓘᓐᓇᖓ ᐅᖃᓕᒫᕐᓗᒍ → ᐅᖓᑖᓄᑦ, ᐱᓯᔪᓪᓗ ᑕᒡᓚᕐᓂᐅᑉ ᐱᔭᕆᐊᖃᖅᑕᖓᓂᒃ: ᐱᙳᐊᕐᕕᖕᒥ ᐃᑦᓯᐅᓂᕐᒧᑦ ᐱᔾᔪᑎ, ᐊᑭᓕᐅᑎᑮᓇᐅᔭᖅᐊᑭᓕᐅᑎᐊᔪᒐᖅᑐᖅ ᐱᙳᐊᕈᑎ ᖃᔅᓯᓂᒃ ᐅᑎᖅᑎᑦᓯᒻᒪᖔᑦ, “X 1-ᒧᑦ” ᐅᖃᐅᓯᐅᔪᖅ ᐱᙳᐊᕈᑎ ᑮᓇᐅᔭᖓ ᐅᑎᖅᑎᑕᐅᔪᖅ ᐃᓚᓇᒍ.ᐃᓘᓐᓇᖓ ᐅᖃᓕᒫᕐᓗᒍ →ᓗ ᐱᙳᐊᖅᑎᑦᓯᔨ ᑕᑯᓐᓇᙱᑎᓪᓗᒍ.
ᑯᐃᓐ (Quinn) 1890-ᒥ ᐊᒃᓴᓗᐊᖓ ᐃᓂᑦ ᐊᕕᒃᓯᒪᐅᑎᖏᓐᓂᒃᐊᑐᖅᑕᐅᔪᑦᐃᓂᑦ ᐊᕕᒃᓯᒪᐅᑎᖓᓴᕕᒻᒥᒃ ᐊᕕᒃᓯᒪᐅᑎ ᐊᒃᓴᓗᐊᕐᒥ ᐃᓂᒃ ᒪᕐᕉᒃ ᐊᑯᓐᓂᖓᓂ.ᐃᓘᓐᓇᖓ ᐅᖃᓕᒫᕐᓗᒍ → ᑕᑭᓂᖅᓴᓂᒃ ᐱᔪᖅ ᐱᙳᐊᖅᑎᑦᓯᔨᒥᒃ ᐊᖅᓴᕐᒥᒃᐊᑐᖅᑕᐅᔪᑦᐊᖅᓴᖅᒥᑭᔪᖅ ᐊᖅᓴᖅ ᐊᖁᑎᖓᓂ ᑲᐃᕙᖅᑐᑉ ᐊᑉᐱᖓᓄᑦ ᐃᒋᑕᐅᔪᖅ. ᒫᓐᓇᐅᔪᖅ ᐊᖅᓵᑦ ᐃᕗᕆᓐ ᐅᕝᕙᓘᓐᓃᑦ ᑎᕙᓚᓐ, 18–21 mm.ᐃᓘᓐᓇᖓ ᐅᖃᓕᒫᕐᓗᒍ → ᐊᐅᐸᓗᒃᑐᒧᑦᐱᙳᐊᕈᑎᐊᐅᐸᓗᒃᑐᖅᐊᔾᔨᒌᒃᑐᒥᒃ ᐊᑭᓕᐅᑎᓕᒃ ᐱᙳᐊᕈᑎ 18 ᐊᐅᐸᓗᒃᑐᓄᑦ ᓈᓴᐅᑎᓄᑦ. ᕖᓇᓯᑐᑦ: ᕈᔾ (rouge).ᐃᓘᓐᓇᖓ ᐅᖃᓕᒫᕐᓗᒍ → ᐅᕝᕙᓘᓐᓃᑦ ᕿᕐᓂᖅᑐᒧᑦᐱᙳᐊᕈᑎᕿᕐᓂᖅᑐᖅᐊᔾᔨᒌᒃᑐᒥᒃ ᐊᑭᓕᐅᑎᓕᒃ ᐱᙳᐊᕈᑎ 18 ᕿᕐᓂᖅᑐᓄᑦ ᓈᓴᐅᑎᓄᑦ. ᕖᓇᓯᑐᑦ: ᓄᐊᕐ (noir).ᐃᓘᓐᓇᖓ ᐅᖃᓕᒫᕐᓗᒍ → ᐊᖁᑦᓯᔪᓐᓇᖅᑎᑦᓯᔪᖅ. ᐃᓱᒪᓗᒍ ᐊᖁᑦᓯᓂᖅ 18 ᑲᐃᕙᕐᓃᑦ ᐃᓚᖏᓐᓂ ᐊᑕᐅᓯᕐᒥ ᑭᓯᐊᓂ ᐱᓕᕆᐊᕐᓂᖓᓂᒃ ᐊᓯᖏᓪᓗ ᓈᒻᒪᒃᑐᑦ, ᒪᕐᕉᒃ ᓯᕉᐊᒃᓴᓗᐊᖅᓯᕉᐊᑕᐅᓯᖅ ᐅᔾᔪᐊᕌᔭᒃ ᐃᓂ ᐊᔾᔨᒌᒃᑐᒥᒃ ᐊᑭᓕᐅᑎᓕᖕᓄᑦ, ᑕᓴᓐᓄᑦ ᓇᑉᐸᖅᑐᓄᓪᓘᓐᓃᑦ ᐱᙳᐊᕈᑏᑦ ᐃᓚᐅᑎᙱᑕᖓ; ᑳᓯᓅᑉ ᐃᓚᖓᑕ ᐱᓇᓪᓗᑎᖓ. ᐊᓯᐊᓂ ᐊᑎᖏᑦ: ᐊᑕᐅᓯᖅ ᓯᕉ, 0.ᐃᓘᓐᓇᖓ ᐅᖃᓕᒫᕐᓗᒍ → ᐊᒃᓴᓗᐊᖓᓂ, ᐱᙳᐊᖅᑎᑦᓯᔨᓗ ᑕᐃᒪ ᑕᕐᕋᖓᑕ ᐱᙳᐊᕈᑎᒋᔭᐱᑦ ᐊᑦᑕᓇᖓᓄᑦ ᐊᖁᑦᓯᔪᖅ. $10 ᐊᐅᐸᓗᒃᑐᒧᑦ ᐱᙳᐊᕈᑎ ᒫᓐᓇ ᖃᔅᓯᓂᒃ ᐊᑭᖃᖅᐸ? ᐊᖁᑦᓯᓂᖅ ᖃᓄᖅ ᐊᒥᓱᓪᓚᕆᒃᑐᓂ ᐱᓕᕆᐊᖅᑕᕆᐊᖃᖅᐸ ᑳᓯᓄ ᐱᙳᐊᕈᑎᐅᑉ ᑕᒪᐃᓐᓇᑕ ᐱᖓᓱᓄᑦ ᐊᕕᒃᓯᒪᓂᖓᓂᑦ ᐊᑕᐅᓯᕐᒥᒃ ᑎᒍᓯᓂᐊᖁᓪᓗᒍ?
ᑭᐅᔾᔪᑎ ᑕᑯᓗᒍ
ᑭᐅᔾᔪᑎ 18 ᑲᐃᕙᕐᓃᑦ ᐃᓚᖏᓐᓂ ᐊᑕᐅᓯᕐᒥ ᑳᓯᓅᑉ ᐃᓚᖓᓂᒃ ᒪᕐᕉᕆᐊᖅᓯᔪᖅ, 5.26%-ᒥᑦ 10.53%-ᒧᑦ: $1.05 ᐱᙳᐊᕈᑎᒥ, $0.53 ᐊᓯᐊᓂ. ᐱᙳᐊᕈᑎᐅᑉ ᑕᒪᐃᓐᓇᑕ ᐱᖓᓱᓄᑦ ᐊᕕᒃᓯᒪᓂᖓᓂᑦ ᐊᑕᐅᓯᕐᒥᒃ ᑎᒍᓯᓂᐊᕐᓗᓂ, ᐊᖁᑦᓯᓂᖅ ᐱᓕᕆᐊᖅᑕᕆᐊᖃᖅᑐᖅ 27 ᑲᐃᕙᕐᓃᑦ ᐃᓚᖏᓐᓂ 8-ᓂ, ᖃᓂᒋᔭᖓ 30% ᐱᕕᖏᓐᓂ.
ᓈᒻᒪᒃᑐᒥ ᑲᐃᕙᕐᓂᕐᒥ ᐊᐅᐸᓗᒃᑐᖅ ᐊᔪᒐᖅᑐᖅ 38 ᐃᓚᖏᓐᓂ 18-ᕆᐊᖅᓗᒍ. ᐊᖁᑦᑕᐅᓯᒪᔪᖅ ᑲᐃᕙᕐᓂᖅ ᐊᔪᒐᕈᓐᓇᙱᑦᑐᖅ. ᐊᖁᑦᓯᓂᖅ ᐱᓕᕆᐊᖅᐸᑦ ᐱᔪᓐᓇᕐᓂᓕᒃᓈᓴᐃᓂᖅᐱᔪᓐᓇᕐᓂᖅᐱᓐᓂᐅᑉ ᐱᔪᓐᓇᕐᓂᖓ, 0-ᒥᑦ 1-ᒧᑦ ᐅᕝᕙᓘᓐᓃᑦ 0%-ᒥᑦ 100%-ᒧᑦ. ᓈᓴᐅᑎ ᐊᑕᐅᓯᖅ: 1/37 = 2.70%.ᐃᓘᓐᓇᖓ ᐅᖃᓕᒫᕐᓗᒍ → s, ᐊᐅᐸᓗᒃᑐᖅ ᐊᔪᒐᖅᑐᖅ ᐱᔪᓐᓇᕐᓂᓕᒃ (1 − s) × 18/38.
s = 1/18: (17/18) × (18/38) = 17/38. ᐱᙳᐊᕈᑎ $10-ᒥᒃ ᐊᔪᒐᖅᑐᖅ ᐱᔪᓐᓇᕐᓂᓕᒃ 17/38 $10-ᒥᒡᓗ ᐊᓯᐅᔾᔨᔪᖅ ᐱᔪᓐᓇᕐᓂᓕᒃ 21/38, ᐊᔾᔨᒌᒃᑎᓪᓗᒋᑦ −$40/38 = −$1.05, ᑕᒪᓐᓇ ᐱᙳᐊᕈᑎ ᑮᓇᐅᔭᖓᑕ 10.53%-ᖓ. ᓈᒻᒪᒃᑐᖅ ᐊᒃᓴᓗᐊᖅ: −$20/38 = −$0.53, ᐅᕝᕙᓘᓐᓃᑦ 5.26%.
ᐱᖓᓱᓄᑦ ᐊᕕᒃᓯᒪᓂᖓᓄᑦ ᐊᑕᐅᓯᕐᒧᑦ: ᐱᙳᐊᕈᑎ ᐱᙳᐊᕈᑎ ᑮᓇᐅᔭᖓᑕ 2p − 1-ᖓᓂᒃ ᐊᑭᓕᒃ, p ᐊᔪᒐᕐᓂᕐᒧᑦ ᐱᔪᓐᓇᕐᓂᖅ, ᑕᐃᒪᐃᒻᒪᑦ 2p − 1 = −1/3 p = 1/3-ᒥᒃ ᓴᖅᑭᑦᑎᔪᖅ. ᑕᐃᑦᓱᒪᓂ (1 − s) × 18/38 = 1/3, ᑕᐃᒪᐃᒻᒪᑦ 1 − s = 38/54 s = 16/54 = 8/27-ᓗ, ᖃᓂᒋᔭᖓ 29.6%.
ᑕᐃᒪᐃᒻᒪᑦ ᑕᒡᓚᖅᓯᒪᔪᖅ ᐊᒃᓴᓗᐊᖅ ᑳᓯᓄᒧᑦ ᑕᒡᓚᖅᑐᒧᑦ ᐅᓗᕆᐊᓇᖅᑐᖃᕐᓂᖓᓂᒃ ᐊᑭᓕᓐᓂᖃᖅᑐᖅ, ᒥᑭᓪᓚᕆᒃᑐᒥᒃ ᐊᑐᖅᑕᐅᔪᓐᓇᖅᓗᓂᓗ: ᖁᓕᑦ ᐊᕐᕕᓂᓖᑦ ᒪᕐᕉᒡᓗ ᐃᓚᖏᓐᓂ ᐊᑕᐅᓯᕐᒥᒃ ᐊᖁᑦᓯᓂᖅ, ᐱᙳᐊᕈᑏᑦ ᐊᖏᓛᖏᓐᓄᑦ ᑭᓯᐊᓂ, ᓯᓚᑖᓂᑦ ᑕᑯᔭᐅᔪᓐᓇᖅᓯᒪᙱᑦᑐᖅ ᑳᓯᓅᓪᓗ ᐱᔭᖓᓂᒃ ᒪᕐᕉᕆᐊᖅᓯᔪᖅ.
ᐊᖁᑦᑕᐅᓯᒪᔪᑦ ᑲᐃᕙᕐᓃᑦᐊᐅᐸᓗᒃᑐᖅ ᐊᔪᒐᖅᑐᖅᑳᓯᓄ ᑎᒍᓯᔪᖅᐱᑕᖃᙱᑦᑐᖅ38 ᐃᓚᖏᓐᓂ 185.26%18 ᐃᓚᖏᓐᓂ 138 ᐃᓚᖏᓐᓂ 1710.53%6 ᐃᓚᖏᓐᓂ 138 ᐃᓚᖏᓐᓂ 1521.05%27 ᐃᓚᖏᓐᓂ 83 ᐃᓚᖏᓐᓂ 133.33%ᑕᒪᕐᒥᒃᐊᔪᒐᕈᓐᓇᙱᑦᑐᖅ100%
ᐃᓪᓗᕐᓇᖅᑐᖅ ᐊᔾᔨᓕᐊᖅ
ᐊᒃᓴᓗᐊᖅ ᓱᓕᔪᖅ, ᑕᐃᒪᐃᓕᖓᑦ ᓯᑉᐳᑦ ᑕᑯᓐᓇᖅᑕᐅᕙᒃᑐᑦ.
ᐱᕝᕕᒋᔭᐅᔪᑦ
- Marcus, R. American Roulette: How I Turned the Odds Upside Down.
- CDC Gaming Reports. “Richard Marcus: from the wrong side of the casino tables to the right.”
- Goldman, N. Great Gambling Scams.
- Nevada Revised Statutes, chapter 465.
- Quinn, J. P. Fools of Fortune; or, Gambling and Gamblers.
- Quinn, J. P. Gambling and Gambling Devices.
- Bollman, M. Mathematics of the Big Four Casino Table Games: Blackjack, Baccarat, Craps, & Roulette.
- National Museum of American History. Roulette wheel, H. C. Evans & Co., Chicago, 1930s.
- New Jersey Administrative Code.
- Federal Bureau of Investigation, New Orleans. “Leader of conspiracy to defraud L’Auberge Casino in Lake Charles sentenced in federal court.”
- Department of Internal Affairs, New Zealand. “Hamilton Casino cheats penalised.”
- Blackpool Gazette. “Croupiers jailed for casino scam.”
- The Register. “IT contractors convicted of UK casino hack scam.”
- Marraco, M. “‘Los Pelayos’ vencen al casino en la ruleta y en el Supremo.”
- Gambling Act 2005 (c. 19).
- Ivey v Genting Casinos (UK) Ltd.