ᕉᓚᑦᒥ ᑐᓴᖅᑕᐅᒪᔪᑦ ᐱᙳᐊᖅᑏᑦ
ᕉᓚᑦᒥ ᑐᓴᐅᒪᔭᐅᔪᑦ ᐱᙳᐊᖅᑏᑦ ᐊᒃᓴᓗᐊᕐᒥᒃ ᐊᔪᒐᖅᑐᑦ, ᖃᔅᓯᓂᓪᓗ ᑕᐃᒪᐃᓐᓂᖏᑦ ᐊᑯᓂᐅᓂᖓ.
ᑎᑎᕋᖅᓯᒪᔪᑦ ᐊᔪᒐᖅᑐᑦ ᐊᐅᓚᓂᖓᓂᒃ ᐊᑐᐃᓐᓇᕈᖅᑎᑦᓯᔪᑦ, ᑐᓪᓕᐊᓂᖏᓐᓂᒃ ᐊᑐᐃᓐᓇᕈᖅᑎᑦᓯᙱᑦᑐᑦ: ᔮᒡᒐ ᓴᖑᓯᒪᔪᖅ ᐊᒃᓴᓗᐊᖓᖃᐅᔨᓴᕐᕕᒃᓴᖑᓯᒪᔪᖅ ᐊᒃᓴᓗᐊᖅᐊᒃᓴᓗᐊᖅ ᓴᓇᓂᖓᑕ ᐊᑲᐅᙱᓐᓂᖏᑦ ᐃᓂᓂᒃ ᐃᓚᖏᓐᓂᒃ 1/37-ᒥᑦ ᐱᔪᓐᓇᕐᓂᖅᓴᐅᑎᑦᓯᔪᑦ. ᖃᐅᔨᔭᐅᑦᓯᐊᙱᑦᑐᖅ, ᑕᐅᓴᓐ ᐊᒥᓱᑦ ᑲᐃᕙᕐᓃᑦ ᑎᑎᕋᖅᑕᐅᓯᒪᒍᑎᒃ ᖃᐅᔨᔭᐅᔪᓐᓇᖅᑐᖅ.ᐃᓘᓐᓇᖓ ᐅᖃᓕᒫᕐᓗᒍ → (1880 ᖃᓂᒋᔮᓂ), ᕼᐃᑉᔅ ᐅᐊᓪᕗᑦᓗ ᕆᓄᒥ (1947), ᔫᑎᒪᓐᔅ ᐃᔨᖅᓯᒪᔪᑦ ᖃᕆᑕᐅᔭᖏᑦ (1978), ᒑᓯᐊ-ᐱᓚᔪ ᐃᓚᒌᑦ ᓴᖑᓯᒪᓂᕐᒧᑦ ᑎᑎᕋᖅᓯᒪᔭᖏᑦ (1990-ᖏᑦ). ᑐᓴᐅᒪᔭᐅᔪᑦ “ᐸᕐᓇᐅᑎᒥᒃ” ᐊᔪᒐᖅᑐᑦ, ᓵᓪᔅ ᐅᐊᓪᔅᑐᑦ, ᐃᓗᓕᐅᖅᓯᒪᑦᑎᐊᖅᑐᑦ ᑐᐊᖅ.
ᔪᓯᕝ ᔮᒡᒐ (Joseph Jagger, 1830–1892)
ᐊᓐᓄᕌᓕᐊᓕᕆᔨ ᓂᐅᕕᖅᑎ ᓴᓪᕝᒥᑦ (Shelf), ᐳᕋᑦᕗᑦ (Bradford) ᖃᓂᒋᔮᓂᑦ, ᒫᓐᓯᔅᑐᕐᒥ ᐱᓕᕆᕝᕕᖓ 1860-ᒥ ᐊᔪᖅᓴᓕᖅᓯᒪᔪᖅ. 1880 ᖃᓂᒋᔮᓂ ᒪᓐᑎ ᑳᓗᒧᑦ ᐃᖏᕐᕋᔪᖅ, ᐊᒃᓴᓗᐊᐃᑦ ᑎᑎᕋᖅᑕᐅᖁᓪᓗᒋᑦ, ᓈᓴᐅᑏᓪᓗ ᐅᓄᕐᓗᐊᖅᑐᒥᒃ ᓴᖅᑭᖃᑦᑕᖅᑐᑦ ᐱᙳᐊᕈᑎᓕᐅᖅᑕᖏᑦ. ᓯᕗᓪᓕᖅᐹᖅ ᐅᓂᒃᑳᖅ, ᕕᒃᑐᕐ ᐱᑕᓪ (Victor Bethell) ᐅᖃᓕᒫᒐᖓ 1901-ᒥ, ᐅᖃᖅᑐᖅ £120,000 ᐊᔪᒐᖅᓯᒪᓂᖓᓂᒃ, £40,000 ᐊᓯᐅᔾᔨᐊᓘᖅᑐᓂ ᐊᓂᓪᓗᓂᓗ £80,000 ᖃᓂᒋᔮᓂ, ᒪᕐᕉᒃ ᒥᓕᐊᓐ ᕗᕋᓐᑦ ᖃᓂᒋᔮᓂ, ᑳᓯᓄᓗ ᓯᕗᓪᓕᖅᐹᒥᒃ ᐅᓐᓄᐊᑕᒫᑦ ᐊᒃᓴᓗᐊᒥᓂᒃ ᐱᙳᐊᕐᕕᖕᒥᑦ ᐱᙳᐊᕐᕕᖕᒧᑦ ᓅᑦᑎᖅᓯᔪᖅ, ᑭᖑᓂᖓᓂ ᓄᑖᓂᒃ ᓅᑦᑎᖅᑕᐅᔪᓐᓇᖅᑐᓂᒃ ᐊᕕᒃᓯᒪᐅᑎᓕᓐᓂᒃ ᑐᑦᓯᕋᐅᑎᓕᐅᖅᑐᖅ. ᑕᐃᑦᓱᒪ ᑐᓴᒐᒃᓴᓕᐅᕐᕕᒃ ᐊᑕᐅᓯᖅ ᐊᔪᒐᕐᓂᖓᓂᒃ ᐅᓂᒃᑳᖅᓯᒪᙱᑦᑐᖅ, ᑳᓯᓅᓪᓗ ᑕᐃᑦᓱᒪᓂ ᐊᕐᕌᒍᓂ ᑎᑎᖅᑲᖏᑦ ᐊᓯᐅᓯᒪᔪᑦ. ᐃᓅᓯᖓᓂᒃ ᑎᑎᕋᖅᑎᖓ ᐋᓐ ᕗᓕᑦᓯᕐ (Anne Fletcher, 2018), ᐃᓚᒋᔭᖓ ᑭᖑᓂᖅᐸᐅᔪᖅ, ᓯᕗᓪᓕᖅᐹᒥᒃ ᐳᓛᕆᐊᕐᓂᖓᓂᒃ 1880 ᐅᕝᕙᓘᓐᓃᑦ 1881-ᒥ ᐅᖃᖅᑐᖅ, ᐃᑦᑐᕆᓂᖅᓴᐃᑦ ᐅᓂᒃᑳᖏᑦ 1873 ᐅᕝᕙᓘᓐᓃᑦ 1875 ᐅᖃᐅᓯᕆᔭᖏᑦ ᐊᖏᙱᓪᓗᒋᑦ. ᐱᖓᓲᔪᖅᑐᑦ ᐃᖃᓇᐃᔭᖅᑎᑕᐅᔪᑦ ᑎᑎᕋᖅᑏᑦ ᐱᑕᓪ ᐅᓂᒃᑳᖓᓂᑦ ᐱᕝᕕᖃᖅᑐᑦ; ᐊᕐᕕᓂᓖᑦ ᐱᖓᓱᑦ ᓈᓴᐅᑏᑦ ᑎᑎᕋᖅᓯᒪᓂᖏᑦ ᐊᒃᓴᓗᐊᕐᒥᓗ ᑭᓪᓕᖅᓯᒪᓂᖓ ᓯᕗᓪᓕᖅᐹᒥᒃ 1951-ᒥ ᓴᖅᑭᖅᑐᑦ, ᓇᓗᓇᐃᖅᓯᒪᐅᑎᖃᙱᑦᑐᑦᓗ. 1892-ᒥ ᑐᖁᑎᓪᓗᒍ ᐱᖁᑎᖏᑦ ᐊᒥᓲᓗᐊᙱᑦᑐᑦ. ᔪᓯᕝ ᔮᒡᒐ ᒪᑉᐱᒐᖓ ᓇᓗᓇᐃᖅᓯᒪᐅᑏᑦ ᑕᒪᐃᓐᓂᒃ ᖃᐅᔨᓴᖅᑐᖅ.
ᓵᓪᔅ ᐅᐊᓪᔅ (Charles Wells, 1841–1922)
ᑕᒡᓚᖅᑎ ᓴᓇᔨᓗ, 1891-ᒥ ᒪᓐᑎ ᑳᓗᒧᑦ ᑎᑭᑦᑐᖅ ᑮᓇᐅᔭᓂᒃ ᓱᓕᙱᑦᑐᒥᒃ ᓴᓇᔭᒥᓂᒃ ᐱᔾᔪᑎᖃᖅᑐᓂ ᑲᑎᖅᓱᖅᓯᒪᔭᒥᓂᒃ, ᐅᓪᓗᓂᓗ ᐊᒥᖅᑯᓂ ᐊᒥᓱᐊᖅᑐᒥᒃ ᑳᓯᓅᑉ ᑮᓇᐅᔭᖏᓐᓂᒃ ᐃᓱᓕᑦᑎᔪᖅ, £40,000 ᖃᓂᒋᔮᓂ ᐊᔪᒐᖅᓗᓂ ᐊᔪᒐᕐᓃᑦ ᑐᓪᓕᖅᑐᑦ ᑕᑯᓐᓇᕐᓇᖅᑐᑦ ᐱᔾᔪᑎᒋᓪᓗᒋᑦ. ᐸᕐᓇᐅᑎᖃᕐᓂᕐᒥᒃ ᐊᔪᕐᓇᙱᑦᑐᒥᒃ ᐅᖃᖅᑐᖅ ᓇᓗᓇᐃᖅᓯᓐᓂᑯᐅᙱᑦᑐᖅᓗ. ᐃᖏᐊᕐᕕᖕᒥ ᐃᖏᕈᓯᐅᓕᖅᑐᖅ “The Man Who Broke the Bank at Monte Carlo”, ᑕᐃᑦᓱᒪ ᐅᑭᐅᒥ ᑮᓇᐅᔭᑦ ᐃᓚᖓᓂᒃ ᐊᓯᐅᔾᔨᐊᓘᖅᑐᖅ, ᐃᓅᓯᖓᓂᓗ ᐃᓚᖓᓂ ᐊᒥᓱᓂ ᑕᒡᓚᕐᓂᕐᒧᑦ ᐃᓯᖅᑎᑕᐅᓯᒪᓪᓗᓂ. ᐸᕐᓇᐅᑎᖓ ᖃᓄᐃᑦᑐᐊᓘᑉᐸᑦ, ᐊᔪᒐᕐᓂᖓ ᐃᓗᓕᐅᖅᓯᒪᓂᐅᔪᖅ.
ᕼᐃᑉᔅ ᐅᐊᓪᕗᑦᓗ (1947)
1947-ᒥ ᓯᑳᒍ ᓯᓚᑦᑐᖅᓴᕐᕕᖓᓂ ᐃᓕᓐᓂᐊᖅᑏᒃ ᒪᕐᕉᒃ, ᐋᓪᐳᑦ ᕼᐃᑉᔅ (Albert Hibbs), ᓈᓴᐃᓂᕐᒥᒃ ᐃᓕᓐᓂᐊᕐᓂᕐᒥᒃ ᐃᓱᓕᑦᑎᓇᓱᒃᑐᖅ, ᕉᐃ ᐅᐊᓪᕗᑦᓗ (Roy Walford), ᐋᓐᓂᐊᓕᕆᓂᕐᒥᒃ ᐃᓕᓐᓂᐊᖅᑐᖅ, ᓴᓐᓂᕝᕕᖕᓂᒥᓐᓂ ᕆᓄᒥ ᑲᐃᕙᕐᓃᑦ ᑎᑎᕋᖅᑐᑯᒃ. ᐊᒃᓴᓗᐊᓂᒃ ᕿᓂᖅᑐᑯᒃ ᓈᓴᐅᑏᑦ ᐃᓚᖏᑦ 38-ᓂ 1 ᐱᔪᓐᓇᕐᓂᖓᓂᑦ ᐅᓄᕐᓂᖅᓴᒥᒃ ᓴᖅᑭᖃᑦᑕᕐᕕᖏᓐᓂᒃ, ᓇᓂᓯᔪᑯᒃ, ᐱᙳᐊᕈᑎᓕᐅᖅᑐᑯᒃ, ᓛᔅ ᕖᒐᔅᒧᓪᓗ ᓅᑦᑐᑯᒃ. Life ᑐᓴᒐᒃᓴᓕᐊᖅ ᑎᓯᐱᕆ 1947-ᒥ ᐅᓂᒃᑳᖅᑐᖅ ᖁᓛᓂ ᑎᑎᖅᑲᖃᖅᑐᖅ “How to Win $6,500”; ᑭᖑᓂᐊᒍᑦ ᐅᓂᒃᑳᑦ, ᕼᐃᑉᔅ ᓇᒻᒥᓂᖅ ᐅᓂᒃᑳᖓ ᐃᓚᓗᒍ, ᐊᖏᓂᖅᓴᓂᒃ ᑲᑎᑦᑐᒋᑦ ᐅᖃᐅᓯᖃᖅᑐᑦ, ᑖᑉᓗ, 1998-ᒥ ᑎᑎᕋᖅᑐᖅ, 1949–50-ᒥ ᐱᓇᓱᐊᕐᕕᐅᓂᖓᓂᒃ ᐅᖃᖅᑐᖅ. ᑮᓇᐅᔭᑦ 40-ᓂᒃ ᐃᓯᒐᓂᒃ ᑕᑭᓂᖃᖅᑐᒥᒃ ᐅᒥᐊᒥᒃ ᐊᖓᕐᕋᐅᑎᓕᒻᒥᒃ ᑲᕆᐱᐊᓐᒥᓗ ᐊᕐᕌᒍᒥᒃ ᐊᑕᐅᓯᕐᒥᒃ ᐅᓄᕐᓂᖅᓴᒥᒡᓘᓐᓃᑦ ᐃᖏᕐᕋᓂᕐᒧᑦ ᐊᑭᓕᐅᑎᐅᔪᑦ. ᕼᐃᑉᔅ Jet Propulsion Laboratory-ᒧᑦ ᐱᓕᕆᓕᖅᑐᖅ, ᑕᐅᕙᓂ ᐃᓄᓕᒫᓄᑦ ᐅᖃᖅᑎᐅᓪᓗᓂ ᑐᓴᐅᒪᔭᐅᓛᖑᓕᖅᑐᖅ, ᐅᐊᓪᕗᑦᓗ ᐃᑦᑐᕆᓕᕐᓂᕐᒥᒃ ᖃᐅᔨᓴᖅᑎᐅᓕᖅᑐᖅ. ᐊᒥᐊᓕᑲᒥ ᓯᕗᓪᓕᖅᐹᖑᔪᖅ ᑎᑎᕋᖅᓯᒪᑦᑎᐊᖅᑐᖅ ᓴᖑᓯᒪᔪᒥᒃ ᐊᒃᓴᓗᐊᒥᒃ ᐊᔪᒐᕐᓂᖅ, ᑖᑉᓗ 1955-ᒥ ᑖᔅᓱᒥᖓ ᐃᓱᒪᒋᔭᖃᖅᑐᖅ ᐊᒃᓴᓗᐊᐃᑦ ᓴᓇᔭᐅᑦᑎᐊᖅᑐᑦ ᐊᐅᓚᓂᖓᒍᑦ ᐊᔪᒐᕐᓇᖅᑕᐅᔭᕆᐊᖃᕐᓂᖏᓐᓂᒃ ᐃᓱᒪᓕᐅᖅᑎᓪᓗᒍ.
ᓅᒪᓐ ᓖ (Norman Leigh, 1966)
1966-ᒥ ᐊᐅᔭᒥ ᓅᒪᓐ ᓖ, ᐃᖏᓕᓐᓄᑦ ᓄᓇᖓᓂᑦ ᐊᖑᑦ ᑎᑎᕋᖅᓯᒪᔪᖅ ᐊᑖᑕᖓ ᕉᓚᑦᒥ ᐊᔪᖅᓴᓕᖅᓯᒪᓂᖓᓂᒃ, ᖁᓕᓐᓂᒃ ᒪᕐᕉᓐᓂᓪᓗ ᐱᙳᐊᖅᑎᓂᒃ ᓃᔅᒥ Casino Municipal-ᒧᑦ ᐊᐱᖃᑎᖃᖅᑐᖅ. ᓇᒻᒥᓂᖅ ᐅᓂᒃᑳᖓᓂ ᐱᙳᐊᕐᕕᖕᓂ ᒪᕐᕉᓐᓂ ᐱᖓᓲᔪᖅᑐᓂ ᐊᔾᔨᒌᒃᑐᒥᒃ ᐊᑭᓕᐅᑎᓕᓐᓂ ᐅᑎᖅᑕᖅ ᓚᐳᓯᐊᕐᐸᕐᓇᐅᑎᓚᐳᓯᐊᕐᐲᖅᓯᓂᕐᒧᑦ ᐸᕐᓇᐅᑎ: ᓈᓴᐅᑏᑦ ᑐᑭᓕᐊᖓᓂᒃ ᑎᑎᕋᕐᓗᑎᑦ, ᐃᓱᖏᒃ ᒪᕐᕉᒃ ᑲᑎᓪᓗᒋᒃ ᐱᙳᐊᕈᑎᓕᐅᕐᓗᑎᑦ, ᐊᔪᒐᖅᑲᓂ ᐲᖅᓯᓗᒋᒃ, ᐊᓯᐅᔾᔨᒐᓂ ᐊᓯᐅᔾᔨᓯᒪᔭᕐᓂᒃ ᐃᓚᒋᐊᕐᓗᒍ.ᐃᓘᓐᓇᖓ ᐅᖃᓕᒫᕐᓗᒍ → ᐱᙳᐊᖅᑐᑦ, ᐅᓐᓄᐊᓂ ᐊᒥᓱᓂ ᐊᒥᓱᓂᒃ ᐊᔪᒐᖅᑐᑦ, ᓄᖅᑲᖅᑎᑕᐅᔪᑦᓗ ᑳᓯᓄ ᐱᙳᐊᕐᕖᑦ ᒪᑐᒻᒪᒋᑦ ᕖᓇᓯ ᑳᓯᓅᖏᓐᓂᓪᓗ ᐊᓪᓚᕝᕕᒋᓪᓗᒋᑦ. ᐅᖃᓕᒫᒐᖓ, Thirteen Against the Bank (1976), ᑕᑯᔪᖅ ᐃᓘᓐᓇᖓᓂᒃ ᐅᓂᒃᑳᖅᑐᖅ ᐊᑕᐅᓯᐅᔪᖅ, ᓈᓴᐅᑏᖏᓪᓗ ᖃᐅᔨᓴᖅᑕᐅᔪᓐᓇᙱᑦᑐᑦ. ᐸᕐᓇᐅᑎ ᑖᒃᑯᓂᖓ ᓇᓗᓇᐃᖅᓯᔪᓐᓇᙱᑦᑐᖅ: ᐅᑎᖅᑕᖅ ᓚᐳᓯᐊᕐ ᐱᙳᐊᕈᑏᑦ ᑲᑎᑕᐅᓂᖏᓐᓂᑦᑮᓇᐅᔭᖅᐱᙳᐊᕈᑏᑦ ᑲᑎᑕᐅᓂᖏᑦᐱᙳᐊᖅᑕᐅᓂᖓᓂ ᐅᕝᕙᓘᓐᓃᑦ ᐱᕕᒃᓴᕐᒥ ᐱᙳᐊᕈᑎᒋᔭᐅᔪᑦ ᑲᑎᓪᓗᒋᑦ, ᐊᔪᒐᐅᑎᑦ ᐱᙳᐊᕈᑎᒋᖃᑦᑕᖅᑕᐅᔪᑦ ᐃᓚᓗᒋᑦ. ᐊᓯᐊᓂ ᐊᑎᖏᑦ: ᕼᐋᓐᑐᓪ, ᐋᒃᓴᓐ.ᐃᓘᓐᓇᖓ ᐅᖃᓕᒫᕐᓗᒍ → 1.35% ᐊᓯᐅᔾᔨᑎᑦᓯᔪᖅ ᓚ ᐸᕐᑕᔾᒪᓕᒐᖅᓚ ᐸᕐᑕᔾᕖᓇᓯ ᒪᓕᒐᖓ: ᓯᕉ ᐊᔪᒐᖅᐸᑦ, ᐊᔾᔨᒌᒃᑐᒥᒃ ᐊᑭᓕᐅᑎᓕᒃ ᐱᙳᐊᕈᑎ ᑮᓇᐅᔭᖓᑕ ᕿᑎᖓ ᐅᑎᖅᑎᑕᐅᔪᖅ. ᑕᐃᒃᑯᓂ ᐱᙳᐊᕈᑏᓐᓂ ᑳᓯᓅᑉ ᐃᓚᖓ ᕿᑎᐊᓄᑦ ᒥᑭᓕᒋᐊᖅᑎᑕᐅᔪᖅ, 1.35%-ᒧᑦ.ᐃᓘᓐᓇᖓ ᐅᖃᓕᒫᕐᓗᒍ → ᐊᑐᖅᑎᓪᓗᒍ, ᐊᔪᒐᖅᑐᖅᓗ ᐱᙳᐊᖅᑕᐅᓂᖏᓐᓂ ᐊᒥᖅᑯᓂ ᑐᐊᖅ ᑐᓪᓕᐊᓂᖏᑦ ᐊᖏᓛᒧᑦ ᑎᑭᑉᐸᑕ (ᓚᐳᓯᐊᕐ ᑕᑯᓗᒍ). ᖁᓕᑦ ᒪᕐᕉᒡᓗ ᐱᙳᐊᖅᑏᑦ ᐱᖓᓲᔪᖅᑐᓂ ᐊᔾᔨᒌᒃᑐᒥᒃ ᐊᑭᓕᐅᑎᓕᓐᓂ ᐅᓐᓄᐊᓂ ᐊᒥᓱᓂ ᐱᙳᐊᖅᑕᐅᓂᖏᓐᓂᒃ ᐊᒥᓱᓂᒃ ᐱᙳᐊᖅᑐᑦ, ᐃᓚᖏᑦ ᐊᒥᖅᑯᑦ ᐊᖏᔪᒥᒃ ᐊᔪᒐᕐᓂᐅᔭᕆᐊᖃᖅᑐᑦ, ᑳᓯᓄᓗ ᐱᙳᐊᕐᓂᕐᒥᒃ ᒪᑐᐃᓂᖓ ᐃᓗᓕᐅᖅᓯᒪᓂᖅ ᓇᓪᓕᒌᓕᕈᓐᓇᙱᓐᓂᖓᓂᒃ ᐱᑎᑦᓯᔪᖅ.
ᑖᑉ ᓵᓇᓐᓗ (1961)
ᐃᑦᐊᑦ ᑖᑉ (Edward Thorp), ᑭᖑᓂᐊᒍᑦ ᐳᓛᒃᔮᒃ ᐱᙳᐊᕐᓂᕐᒥᒃ ᑳᑦ ᓈᓴᕐᓗᒋᑦ ᐊᔪᒐᕐᓇᖅᓯᔪᖅ, ᑳᓗᑦ ᓵᓇᓐᓗ (Claude Shannon), ᑐᓴᒐᒃᓴᓕᕆᓂᐅᑉ ᐃᓱᒪᓕᐅᕈᓯᖓᑕ ᐱᒋᐊᖅᑎᑦᓯᔨᖓ, ᓯᕗᓪᓕᖅᐹᒥᒃ ᑐᒃᓯᓯᒪᔪᓐᓇᖅᑐᒥᒃ ᖃᕆᑕᐅᔭᓕᐅᖅᑐᑯᒃ: ᓴᓇᐅᒐᖅ ᐲᑉᐸᓕᐊᑦ ᐳᓴᖓᑐᑦ ᐊᖏᓂᖃᖅᑐᖅ ᐊᖅᓴᕐᒥᒃᐊᑐᖅᑕᐅᔪᑦᐊᖅᓴᖅᒥᑭᔪᖅ ᐊᖅᓴᖅ ᐊᖁᑎᖓᓂ ᑲᐃᕙᖅᑐᑉ ᐊᑉᐱᖓᓄᑦ ᐃᒋᑕᐅᔪᖅ. ᒫᓐᓇᐅᔪᖅ ᐊᖅᓵᑦ ᐃᕗᕆᓐ ᐅᕝᕙᓘᓐᓃᑦ ᑎᕙᓚᓐ, 18–21 mm.ᐃᓘᓐᓇᖓ ᐅᖃᓕᒫᕐᓗᒍ → ᑲᐃᕙᖅᑐᒥᓪᓗᐊᑐᖅᑕᐅᔪᑦᑲᐃᕙᖅᑐᖅᐊᒃᓴᓗᐊᑉ ᑲᐃᕙᖅᑐᖅ ᐃᓚᖓ ᐃᓂᓂᒃ ᐃᓗᓕᓕᒃ.ᐃᓘᓐᓇᖓ ᐅᖃᓕᒫᕐᓗᒍ → ᐃᑲᕐᕋᓕᕆᔪᖅ ᓂᐱᒥᒡᓗ ᓈᓚᐅᑎᒧᑦ ᑐᓂᓯᔪᖅ ᐊᒃᓴᓗᐊᑉ ᐊᕐᕕᓂᓖᑦ ᒪᕐᕉᓐᓄᑦ ᐃᓚᖓᓂᒃ ᐅᖃᖅᑐᒥᒃ. ᓵᓇᓐ ᐃᓪᓗᖓᑕ ᐊᑖᓂ ᓂᐅᕕᐊᖅᓯᒪᔪᒥ ᐊᒃᓴᓗᐊᕐᒥ ᐱᓕᕆᑦᑎᐊᖅᑐᖅ ᓛᔅ ᕖᒐᔅᒥᓗ ᐃᓛᓐᓂ ᑐᐊᖅ, ᑕᐅᕙᓂ ᐊᐅᓚᑦᑎᔾᔪᑏᑦ ᓱᕋᒃᐸᒃᑐᑦ ᓈᓚᐅᑎᓗ ᑕᑯᔅᓴᐅᓪᓗᓂ. ᐱᓕᕆᓂᕐᒧᑦ ᐱᔾᔪᑎᖃᖅᓗᑎᒃ ᓄᖅᑲᖅᑐᑯᒃ; ᑖᑉ ᐸᕐᓇᐅᑎᒥᒃ 1966-ᒥ ᐅᖃᐅᓯᖃᖅᑐᖅ ᐃᓘᓐᓇᖓᓂᒡᓗ ᓇᓗᓇᐃᖅᓯᔪᖅ 1979-ᒥ 1984-ᒥᓗ (ᐱᐅᓂᖅᓴᐅᓂᕐᒥᒃ ᕿᓂᕐᓂᖅ ᑕᑯᓗᒍ).
ᔫᑎᒪᓐᔅ (Eudaemons, 1976–1981)
ᓴᓐᑕ ᑯᕈᔅᒥ ᐊᐅᓚᓂᕐᒧᑦ ᖁᑦᑎᓂᖅᓴᒥᒃ ᐃᓕᓐᓂᐊᖅᑏᑦ ᑲᑐᔾᔨᖃᑎᒌᑦ ᒥᑭᔪᓂᒃ ᖃᕆᑕᐅᔭᓂᒃ ᑳᓯᓄᒥ ᑐᒃᓯᓯᒪᔭᒃᓴᓂᒃ ᓴᓇᔪᑦ: ᐱᙳᐊᖅᑎ ᐊᑕᐅᓯᖅ ᐊᒃᓴᓗᐊᕐᒥᒃ ᐃᑲᕐᕋᓕᕆᔪᖅ ᐃᓯᒐᒥᓂ ᓇᑎᖅᑯᑎᓂᒃ ᐊᑐᕐᓗᓂ, ᖃᕆᑕᐅᔭᖅ ᐊᒃᓴᓗᐊᑉ ᐃᓚᖓᓂᒃᐊᒃᓴᓗᐊᖅᐊᒃᓴᓗᐊᑉ ᐃᓚᖓᐊᒃᓴᓗᐊᕐᒥ ᐃᓂᑦ ᓴᓂᓕᐅᑎᒌᒃᑐᑦ ᑲᑎᑦᑐᑦ, ᐱᙳᐊᕈᑎᓕᕆᕝᕕᖕᒥ ᑲᑎᑦᑐᓂᑦ ᐊᔾᔨᒋᙱᑦᑐᑦ.ᐃᓘᓐᓇᖓ ᐅᖃᓕᒫᕐᓗᒍ → ᓇᓚᐅᑦᑖᖅᑐᖅ, ᐱᙳᐊᖅᑎᓗ ᐊᐃᑉᐱᖓ ᓇᓚᐅᑦᑖᕐᓂᕐᒥᒃ ᐊᐅᓪᓚᓂᒃᑯᑦ ᐱᔪᖅ ᐱᙳᐊᕈᑎᓕᐅᖅᓗᓂᓗ. 1977-ᒥ 1978-ᒥᓗ ᖃᕆᑕᐅᔭᖅ ᐊᑯᓯᐅᑉ ᐊᑖᓄᑦ ᑐᑦᓯᕐᑕᐅᓯᒪᔪᖅ; ᑭᖑᓂᐊᒍᑦ ᓴᓇᔭᐅᔪᖅ, ᐃᑲᕐᒥᒃ ᐱᓗᒃᑕᐅᑉ ᐊᑖᓄᑦ ᓴᓇᔭᐅᔪᖅ, ᓄᕕᐱᕆ 1981-ᒥ ᓛᔅ ᕖᒐᔅᒧᑦ ᐃᖏᕐᕋᔪᖅ ᑳᓯᓅᓪᓗ ᐃᑯᒪᓕᕆᓂᕐᒧᑦ ᓂᐱᖏᓐᓄᑦ ᐊᔪᕈᑎᐅᓪᓗᓂ. ᖃᐅᔨᓴᕈᑏᖏᑦ 44% ᐱᐅᓂᖅᓴᐅᓂᕐᒥᒃ ᐊᖏᖅᑐᑦ, ᓱᓕᔪᒥᓗ ᐱᙳᐊᕐᕕᖕᒥ ᓯᕗᓪᓕᖅᐹᖅ ᐊᑯᓂᐅᔪᖅ ᐱᙳᐊᖅᑕᐅᓂᖓ 25% ᖃᓂᒋᔮᓂ ᑐᓂᓯᔪᖅ. ᓴᓇᐅᒐᖅ ᐊᑯᓂ ᐱᓕᕆᑦᑎᐊᕐᐸᙱᑦᑐᖅ: ᐊᐅᓚᑦᑎᔾᔪᑏᑦ ᓱᕋᒃᑐᑦ, ᐃᑯᒪᐅᑉ ᑐᑉᐸᖅᑎᑦᓯᓂᖏᑦ ᐊᑕᐅᓯᐊᖅᑐᒥᓗ ᐊᐅᓚᑦᑎᔾᔪᑏᑦ ᐆᓇᓗᐊᕐᓂᖏᓐᓄᑦ ᑭᓪᓕᖅᓯᓂᖅ ᐊᒥᓱᓂᒃ ᐱᙳᐊᖅᑕᐅᓂᖏᓐᓂᒃ ᓄᖅᑲᖅᑎᑦᓯᔪᑦ. ᑕᐅᓴᓐᓂᒃ ᐊᒥᖅᑯᓂᒃ ᐊᔪᒐᖅᑐᑦ ᒥᑭᔪᐊᓗᖕᓂᒃ ᐱᙳᐊᕈᑎᓕᐅᖅᓗᑎᒃ, $15,000 ᖃᓂᒋᔮᓂ ᐊᑐᖅᑐᑦ, ᐅᖃᓕᒫᒐᑦᑎᐊᕙᒻᒥᓗ ᐊᓂᒍᐃᖅᑐᑦ. ᔫᑎᒪᓐᔅ ᒪᑉᐱᒐᖓ ᐅᓂᒃᑳᖅᑐᖅ.
ᔮᒡᒐ · ᓴᖑᓯᒪᓂᖅ · ᐊᒃᓴᓗᐊᐃᑦ ᑎᑎᕋᖅᑕᐅᖁᓪᓗᒋᑦ ᓈᓴᐅᑏᑦ ᓯᕗᓪᓕᐅᔪᑦ ᐱᙳᐊᕈᑎᓕᐅᖅᑕᖏᑦ. ᑳᓯᓄ ᐊᒃᓴᓗᐊᒥᓂᒃ ᓅᑦᑎᖅᓯᔪᖅ, ᑭᖑᓂᖓᓂ ᐃᓕᔾᔪᐃᔪᖅ.
ᐅᐊᓪᔅ · ᐃᓗᓕᐅᖅᓯᒪᓂᖅ · ᐊᔪᒐᕐᓃᑦ ᑐᓪᓕᖅᑐᑦ ᐊᑯᓂᐅᔪᑦ ᐸᕐᓇᐅᑎᓗ ᓇᓗᓇᐃᖅᓯᓐᓂᑯᐅᙱᑕᖓ. ᑕᐃᑦᓱᒪ ᐅᑭᐅᒥ ᐃᓚᖓᓂᒃ ᐊᓯᐅᔾᔨᐊᓘᖅᑐᖅ.
ᕼᐃᑉᔅ ᐅᐊᓪᕗᑦᓗ · ᓴᖑᓯᒪᓂᖅ · ᕆᓄᒥ ᓛᔅ ᕖᒐᔅᒥᓗ ᑲᐃᕙᕐᓃᑦ ᑎᑎᕋᖅᑕᖏᑦ. Life ᐅᓂᒃᑳᖅᑐᖅ; ᐅᒥᐊᒥᒃ ᓂᐅᕕᖅᑐᑯᒃ.
ᑖᑉ ᓵᓇᓐᓗ · ᐃᑲᕐᕋᓕᕆᓂᖅ · ᓯᕗᓪᓕᖅᐹᖅ ᑐᒃᓯᓯᒪᔪᓐᓇᖅᑐᖅ ᖃᕆᑕᐅᔭᖅ. ᓴᓇᐅᒐᖅ ᑳᓯᓄᒧᑦ ᓱᕋᒃᑐᓪᓚᕆᐊᓘᔪᖅ.
ᔭᕆᑦᔅᑭ · ᓴᖑᓯᒪᓂᖅ · ᐊᒃᓴᓗᐊᑕᒫᑦ ᑕᖅᑭᖅ ᐊᑕᐅᓯᖅ ᑎᑭᓪᓗᒍ ᑎᑎᕋᖅᑕᖏᑦ, ᐊᒥᓲᓂᖅᓴᖓ ᓴᓐᕆᒧᒥ. $1.2 ᒥᓕᐊᓐ ᐅᖓᑖᓄᑦ ᐊᒥᓱᓂ ᐅᓂᒃᑳᓂ; ᐊᓪᓚᕝᕕᒋᔭᐅᔪᖅ, ᑭᖑᓂᖓᓂ ᐃᓯᖅᑎᑕᐅᐊᓘᖅᑐᖅ.
ᔫᑎᒪᓐᔅ · ᐃᑲᕐᕋᓕᕆᓂᖅ · ᓂᕙᑕᒥ ᐃᔨᖅᓯᒪᔪᑦ ᖃᕆᑕᐅᔭᐃᑦ. ᐱᐅᓂᖅᓴᐅᓂᖅ ᓱᓕᔪᖅ, ᐃᑯᒪᓕᐊᖑᔪᑦ ᐊᑦᑕᓇᖅᑐᑦ.
ᒑᓯᐊ-ᐱᓚᔪ · ᓴᖑᓯᒪᓂᖅ · ᐊᒃᓴᓗᐊᑕᒫᑦ 5,000 ᑲᐃᕙᕐᓃᑦ ᑎᑎᕋᖅᑕᐅᔪᑦ ᒪᑦᕆᑦ ᖃᓂᒋᔮᓂ. ᐊᓪᓚᕝᕕᒋᔭᐅᔪᑦ; ᐃᖅᑲᖅᑐᐃᕖᑦ ᐊᓪᓚᕝᕕᒋᔭᐅᓂᖏᓐᓂᒃ ᐲᖅᓯᔪᑦ.
ᕆᑦᔅ ᐱᙳᐊᖅᑏᑦ · ᓇᓚᐅᑦᑖᕐᓂᖅ · £1.3m ᐅᓐᓄᐊᓐᓂ ᒪᕐᕉᓐᓂ. ᑐᓴᒐᒃᓴᓕᐅᕐᕖᑦ ᓚᐃᓯᕐᒥᒃ ᐅᓂᒃᑳᖅᑐᑦ; ᓴᖅᑭᑕᐅᓚᐅᙱᑦᑐᖅ. ᑮᓇᐅᔭᑦ ᐱᑕᖃᐃᓐᓇᖅᑐᑦ.
ᕆᑦᓴᑦ ᔭᕆᑦᔅᑭ (Richard Jarecki, 1931–2018)
ᔮᒪᓂ ᐃᓅᖅᓯᒪᔪᖅ ᐊᒥᐊᓕᑲᒥᐅᖅ ᐋᓐᓂᐊᓕᕆᔨ, ᓄᓕᐊᖓ ᑳᕈᓪ (Carol) ᐃᑲᔪᖅᑏᑦ ᐊᒥᖅᑯᓪᓗ ᐊᐱᖃᑎᒋᓪᓗᒋᑦ, ᐃᐅᕌᐸ ᑳᓯᓅᖏᓐᓂ 1960-ᖏᓐᓂ 1970-ᖏᑦ ᐱᒋᐊᕐᓂᖓᓂᓗ ᐊᑕᐅᓯᕐᒥᒃ ᓯᕉᓕᓐᓂᒃᐊᒃᓴᓗᐊᖅᓯᕉᐊᑕᐅᓯᖅ ᐅᔾᔪᐊᕌᔭᒃ ᐃᓂ ᐊᔾᔨᒌᒃᑐᒥᒃ ᐊᑭᓕᐅᑎᓕᖕᓄᑦ, ᑕᓴᓐᓄᑦ ᓇᑉᐸᖅᑐᓄᓪᓘᓐᓃᑦ ᐱᙳᐊᕈᑏᑦ ᐃᓚᐅᑎᙱᑕᖓ; ᑳᓯᓅᑉ ᐃᓚᖓᑕ ᐱᓇᓪᓗᑎᖓ. ᐊᓯᐊᓂ ᐊᑎᖏᑦ: ᐊᑕᐅᓯᖅ ᓯᕉ, 0.ᐃᓘᓐᓇᖓ ᐅᖃᓕᒫᕐᓗᒍ → ᐊᒃᓴᓗᐊᓂᒃ ᑎᑎᕋᖅᑐᖅ, ᐱᓗᐊᖅᑐᒥᒃ ᓴᓐᕆᒧᒥ (Sanremo), ᓈᓴᐅᑏᓪᓗ ᐅᓄᕐᓗᐊᖅᑐᒥᒃ ᓴᖅᑭᖃᑦᑕᖅᑐᑦ ᐱᙳᐊᕈᑎᓕᐅᖅᑕᖏᑦ. ᑳᕈᓪ ᔭᕆᑦᔅᑭ ᐅᓂᒃᑳᖓᓂ ᐊᒃᓴᓗᐊᖅ ᐊᑕᐅᓯᖅ 10,000 ᐅᖓᑖᓄᑦ ᑲᐃᕙᕐᓃᓐᓂᒃ ᑕᖅᑭᕐᒥᓪᓘᓐᓃᑦ ᐊᑕᐅᓯᕐᒥᒃ ᐱᔭᕆᐊᖃᖅᑐᖅ. 2018-ᒥ ᑐᖁᓂᖓᓄᑦ ᐅᓂᒃᑳᖅ ᐅᖃᖅᑐᖅ ᐊᒥᓱᓂ ᐅᓂᒃᑳᓂ $1.2 ᒥᓕᐊᓐ ᐅᖓᑖᓄᑦ ᐊᔪᒐᖅᓯᒪᓂᖓᓂᒃ; ᓈᓴᐅᑎ ᖃᐅᔨᓴᖅᑕᐅᓐᓂᑯᐅᙱᑦᑐᖅ. ᑐᓴᒐᒃᓴᓕᕆᔨᓄᑦ ᐅᖃᖅᑐᖅ London ᓯᓚᑦᑐᖅᓴᕐᕕᖓᓂ ᖃᕆᑕᐅᔭᖅ ᐱᙳᐊᕐᓂᕐᒥᒃ ᐃᓱᓕᑦᑎᓯᒪᓂᖓᓂᒃ; 2018-ᒥ ᑐᖁᓂᖓᓄᑦ ᐅᓂᒃᑳᖅ ᕉᓚᑦ ᐱᐅᓯᑐᖃᓕᕆᔨᖓᓗ ᕋᓴᓪ ᐹᓐᕼᐊᑦ (Russell Barnhart) ᑕᒪᑐᒥᖓ ᑕᑯᓐᓇᕐᓂᑐᐊᕐᒥᒃ ᐃᔨᕈᑎᐅᓂᖓᓂᒃ ᐅᖃᖅᑐᑦ. ᓴᓐᕆᒧ ᔮᓐᓄᐊᓕ 1969-ᒥ ᐅᐊᑦᑕ ᑎᑭᑦᑕᐃᓕᖁᔪᖅ, ᕖᕝᕗᐊᓕᒥ ᑮᓇᐅᔭᓂᒃ ᐱᙳᐊᖅᑎᐅᓂᕐᒧᑦ ᐱᓕᕆᐊᕆᔭᖃᖅᑐᑦᑐᑦ ᐊᓪᓚᕝᕕᒋᔪᖅ ᐅᓪᓗᓂᓗ ᐊᒥᖅᑯᓂ ᐃᓯᖅᑎᑦᓯᐊᓘᖅᑐᖅ, ᐱᙳᐊᕐᕕᒥᓂᒃ ᓅᑦᑎᖅᓯᔪᖅ, ᑭᖑᓪᓕᕐᒥᓗ ᒪᕐᕉᒃ ᑕᓴᓐᑦ ᖃᓂᒋᔮᓂ ᐊᒃᓴᓗᐊᓂᒃ ᐃᓕᔾᔪᐃᔪᖅ. ᐊᒥᐊᓕᑲᒧᑦ ᐅᑎᖅᑐᖅ 1973 ᐅᕝᕙᓘᓐᓃᑦ 1974-ᒥ. ᑕᐃᑦᓱᒪᓂ ᐅᓂᒃᑳᑦ ᐊᒥᓲᓂᖅᓴᓂᒃ ᐅᖃᐅᓯᖃᖅᑐᑦ.
ᒎᓴᓗ ᒑᓯᐊ-ᐱᓚᔪ (Gonzalo García-Pelayo, 1947-ᒥ ᐃᓅᖅᓯᒪᔪᖅ)
ᓯᐸᐃᓐ ᓄᓇᖓᓂᑦ ᐃᖏᐊᕐᓂᓕᐅᖅᑎ ᑕᑯᓐᓇᑦᓴᓕᐅᖅᑎᓗ, ᕿᑐᕐᖏᓂᒃ ᓇᖏᖅᑕᕐᓂᓪᓗ ᐊᐱᖃᑎᒋᓪᓗᒋᑦ, Casino Gran Madrid-ᒥ, ᓄᓇᓕᐅᑉ ᓯᓚᑖᓂ, 1991 ᐃᓱᐊᓂᑦ ᐊᒃᓴᓗᐊᑕᒫᑦ 5,000 ᖃᓂᒋᔮᓂ ᑲᐃᕙᕐᓃᑦ ᑎᑎᕋᖅᑐᖅ, ᐃᓂᓪᓗᐊᑐᖅᑕᐅᔪᑦᐃᓂᑲᐃᕙᖅᑐᒥ 37 ᓈᓴᐅᑎᓕᑦ ᐃᓂᑦ ᐊᑕᐅᓯᖓ. ᐊᓯᐊᓂ ᐊᑎᖏᑦ: ᐃᓂᒋᐊᖅ, ᖃᓪᓗᐊᖅ.ᐃᓘᓐᓇᖓ ᐅᖃᓕᒫᕐᓗᒍ → ᓯᕗᓪᓕᐅᔪᑦ ᐱᙳᐊᕈᑎᓕᐅᖅᑕᖏᑦ. ᓇᒻᒥᓂᖅ ᓈᓴᐅᑏᖏᓐᓂ ᐃᓂ ᐱᐅᓛᖅ 28-ᓂ ᑲᐃᕙᕐᓃᓐᓂ ᐊᑕᐅᓯᕐᒥᒃ ᐊᔪᒐᖅᐸᒃᑐᖅ ᐱᐅᓂᖅᓴᐅᓂᖓᓗ 6% ᖃᓂᒋᔮᓂ; ᐊᔪᒐᕐᓂᖏᑦ 200-ᒥᑦ 250-ᒧᑦ ᒥᓕᐊᓐ ᐱᓯᑕ ᐅᖃᖅᑐᖅ ᑳᓯᓄᓂ ᐊᒥᓱᓂ. ᑳᓯᓄ ᐃᓚᒌᓂᒃ ᐊᓪᓚᕝᕕᒋᔪᖅ, ᒐᕙᒪᓗ ᐊᓪᓚᕝᕕᒋᔭᐅᓂᖏᓐᓂᒃ ᐲᖅᓯᔪᖅ, ᑳᓯᓅᓪᓗ ᐱᖁᔨᓇᓱᐊᕐᓂᖏᑦ ᐊᔪᖅᑐᑦ, ᑭᖑᓪᓕᖅᐹᖓ ᔫᓂ 2004-ᒥ ᐃᖅᑲᖅᑐᐃᕝᕕᒡᔪᐊᕐᒥ. ᐃᖅᑲᖅᑐᐃᕝᕕᒃ ᐅᖃᖅᑐᖅ ᐱᙳᐊᖅᑏᑦ ᐃᓱᒪᓕᐅᕈᓯᑦᑎᐊᕐᓂᕐᒥᒃ ᖃᕆᑕᐅᔭᕐᒥᓪᓗ ᑐᐊᖅ ᐊᑐᖅᓯᒪᓂᖏᓐᓂᒃ, ᑳᓯᓅᓪᓗ ᒪᓕᒐᓕᒃ ᑭᐅᔾᔪᑎᖓ ᐊᒃᓴᓗᐊᒥᓂᒃ ᓅᑦᑎᖅᓯᓂᖅ, ᐃᓚᖏᓐᓂᒃ ᐃᓕᔾᔪᐃᓂᖅ ᐱᐅᓂᖅᓴᒥᒃᓗᓐᓃᑦ ᓴᓇᓂᖅ. ᒎᓴᓗ ᒑᓯᐊ-ᐱᓚᔪ ᒪᑉᐱᒐᖓ ᐃᓘᓐᓇᖓᓂᒃ ᐅᓂᒃᑳᖅᑐᖅ.
ᕆᑦᔅ ᐱᖓᓱᑦ (2004)
ᐱᙳᐊᖅᑏᑦ ᐱᖓᓱᑦ, ᐊᖑᑏᒃ ᒪᕐᕉᒃ ᐊᕐᓇᓗ ᐊᑕᐅᓯᖅ ᐃᓱᓕᓯᒪᔪᒥᑦ ᔫᒍᓯᓛᕕᐊᒥᑦ ᕼᐊᖕᒐᕆᒥᓪᓗ, ᒫᑦᓯ 2004-ᒥ ᐅᓐᓄᐊᓐᓂ ᒪᕐᕉᓐᓂ £1.3 ᒥᓕᐊᓐ ᖃᓂᒋᔮᓂ ᐊᔪᒐᖅᑐᑦ ᓚᓐᑕᓐᒥ Ritz Club-ᒥ, ᑭᖑᓪᓕᖅᐸᐅᓪᓗᑎᒃ ᐱᙳᐊᕈᑎᓕᐅᖅᓗᑎᒃ ᒥᑭᔪᓂ ᑲᑎᖅᓱᖅᑕᐅᓂᖏᓐᓂ ᓴᓂᐊᓃᑦᑐᓂ ᓈᓴᐅᑏᓐᓂ. ᑐᓴᒐᒃᓴᓕᐅᕐᕖᑦ ᐅᖃᓘᑎᒥ ᐃᔨᖅᓯᒪᔪᒥᒃ ᓚᐃᓯᕐ ᑕᑯᒃᓴᐅᑎᒥᒃ ᐅᓂᒃᑳᖅᑐᑦ; ᑕᐃᒪᐃᑦᑐᒥᒃ ᓴᓇᐅᒐᖅ ᓴᖅᑭᑕᐅᓐᓂᑯᐅᙱᑦᑐᖅ. ᑎᒥᖅᑕᐅᔪᑦ ᐊᓂᑎᑕᐅᔪᑦᓗ, ᑎᓯᐱᕆ 2004-ᒥᓗ ᐳᓖᓯᑦ ᐱᔾᔪᑎᒥᒃ ᓄᖅᑲᖅᑎᑦᓯᔪᑦ ᑮᓇᐅᔭᓂᒡᓗ ᐅᑎᖅᑎᑦᓯᔪᑦ, ᑕᒡᓚᕐᓂᕐᒧᑦ ᒪᓕᒐᖅ ᐃᑦᑐᕆᓯᒪᔪᖅ ᓴᓇᔭᖏᓐᓂᒃ ᐱᔾᔪᑎᖃᙱᒻᒪᑦ. Bloomberg 2023-ᒥ ᓯᕗᓕᖅᑎᖏᓐᓂᒃ ᐅᓂᒃᑳᖓ, ᑯᕉᐊᔅᓯᐊᒥᐅᖅ ᓂᑯ ᑐᓴᒥᒃ (Niko Tosa) ᑕᐃᒎᓯᖃᖅᑐᖅ, ᐃᔨᒃᑯᑦ ᓇᓚᐅᑦᑖᕐᓂᕐᒥᒃ ᐅᖃᐅᓯᖃᖅᑐᖅ ᐊᒃᓴᓗᐊᕐᒥ ᐊᒥᖅᑯᓗᐃᓐᓇᖅ ᐊᓗᖕᓂᓯᒪᔪᒥ, ᓴᓇᐅᒐᕐᒥᒃ ᐅᖃᐅᓯᖃᙱᑦᑐᖅ. Gambling Act 2005 ᒪᓕᒐᖅ ᐃᑦᑐᕆᓯᒪᔪᖅ ᑕᒡᓚᕐᓂᕐᒧᑦ ᒪᓕᒐᕐᒥᒃ ᐊᖏᓂᖅᓴᒥᒃ ᐃᓕᔾᔪᐃᔪᖅ, 2007-ᒥᑦ ᐊᑐᓕᖅᑐᖅ; ᐃᔨᒃᑯᑦ ᓇᓚᐅᑦᑖᕐᓂᖅ ᐃᓚᐅᒻᒪᖔᑦ ᐃᖅᑲᖅᑐᐃᕝᕕᒻᒥ ᖃᐅᔨᓴᖅᑕᐅᓐᓂᑯᐅᙱᑦᑐᖅ. ᑭᖑᓪᓕᖅᐹᖑᔪᖅ ᐊᖏᔪᖅ, ᑐᓴᐅᒪᔭᐅᔪᖅ ᕉᓚᑦᒥ ᓇᓚᐅᑦᑖᕐᓂᒃᑯᑦ ᐊᔪᒐᕐᓂᖅ.
ᕉᓚᑦᒥ ᐊᔪᒐᖅᑐᑦ ᐱᙳᐊᖅᑏᑦ ᐊᔾᔨᒌᒃᑕᖏᑦ
ᑎᑎᕋᖅᓯᒪᔪᑦ ᐊᔪᒐᖅᑐᑦ ᑕᒪᕐᒥᒃ ᐊᒃᓴᓗᐊᕐᒥᒃ ᓇᓚᐅᑦᑖᖅᑐᑦ (ᔮᒡᒐ, ᕼᐃᑉᔅ ᐅᐊᓪᕗᑦᓗ, ᔭᕆᑦᔅᑭ, ᒑᓯᐊ-ᐱᓚᔪ) ᐅᕝᕙᓘᓐᓃᑦ ᐊᖅᓴᕐᒥᒃ ᓇᓚᐅᑦᑖᖅᑐᑦ (ᑖᑉ, ᔫᑎᒪᓐᔅ, ᕆᑦᔅ ᐱᙳᐊᖅᑏᑦ). ᐊᑕᐅᓯᕐᒥᒃ ᐱᙳᐊᕈᑎᓕᐅᕐᓂᕐᒧᑦ ᑐᓪᓕᐊᓂᖏᑎᒍᑦ ᐊᔪᒐᖅᑐᖃᙱᑦᑐᖅ, ᐸᕐᓇᐅᑎᓕᒃ ᐱᙳᐊᖅᑎ ᑐᓴᐅᒪᔭᐅᔪᖅ ᐊᑕᐅᓯᖅ, ᐅᐊᓪᔅ, ᑕᖅᑭᓂ ᐊᒥᖅᑯᓂ ᐃᓚᖓᓂᒃ ᐊᓯᐅᔾᔨᐊᓘᖅᑐᖅ ᐃᓯᖅᑎᑕᐅᓂᕐᒥᒡᓗ ᐃᓱᓕᔪᖅ. ᐊᑐᖅᑕᖏᑦ ᑕᒪᕐᒥᒃ ᑭᖑᓪᓕᕐᒥ ᒪᑐᐃᖅᑕᐅᔪᑦ ᑳᓯᓅᑦ ᐊᒃᓴᓗᐊᒥᒃ, ᒪᓕᒐᓂᒃ ᐅᕝᕙᓘᓐᓃᑦ ᒪᓕᒐᓂᒃ ᐊᓯᑦᑐᖅᓯᒻᒪᑕ. ᖃᐅᔨᓴᕐᕕᒃ ᒪᑉᐱᒐᖏᑦ ᐊᑐᖅᑕᖏᓐᓂᒃ ᓇᓗᓇᐃᖅᓯᔪᑦ; ᑖᓐᓇ ᒪᑉᐱᒐᖅ ᓇᓗᓇᐃᖅᓯᔪᖅ ᓱᒻᒪᑦ ᐃᓄᓐᓂᒃ ᐊᒥᖅᑯᓂᒃ ᑐᓴᖅᓯᒪᒻᒪᖔᖕᓂ.
ᐊᐱᖅᑯᑏᑦ
ᓇᓗᓇᐃᖅᑕᐅᓯᒪᙱᑦᑐᖅ, ᑕᐃᒪᐃᑦᑐᖃᕈᓐᓇᖅᑎᑦᓯᔪᑦᓗ ᐱᔾᔪᑎᑦ ᓴᓇᔨᓄᑦ ᐲᖅᑕᐅᓯᒪᔪᑦ.
ᐅᖃᐅᓯᐅᒐᔪᒃᑐᖅ. ᐃᓅᓯᖓᓂᒃ ᑎᑎᕋᖅᑎᖓ ᐅᖃᖅᑐᐃᓐᓇᖅᑐᖅ ᐃᓚᒌᓕᕆᔩᑦ ᐅᖓᓯᒃᑐᒥᒃ ᐊᑦᑐᐊᓂᖃᕈᓐᓇᕐᓂᖏᓐᓂᒃ ᐅᖃᐅᓯᖃᖅᓯᒪᓂᖏᓐᓂᒃ; ᓇᓗᓇᐃᖅᓯᔪᒥᒃ ᓴᖅᑭᑦᑕᐅᓯᒪᔪᖃᙱᑦᑐᖅ.
ᑎᑎᕋᕐᓂᖅ ᐋᖅᑭᒃᑎᑕᐅᑦᑎᐊᖅᑐᒥ ᐊᒃᓴᓗᐊᕐᒥ ᓇᓪᓕᐊᑐᐃᓐᓇᕐᒥᒃ ᐊᓯᑦᑐᖅᓯᙱᒻᒪᑦ, ᑎᑎᕋᐅᔭᓐᓂᒃ ᐱᔭᐅᔪᓐᓇᐃᖅᑎᑦᓯᓂᖅᓗ ᓂᐅᕕᕐᓂᕐᒧᑦ ᐱᐅᙱᒻᒪᑦ. ᐊᒃᓴᓗᐊᓂᒃ ᐋᖅᑭᒃᓯᕙᒃᑐᑦ ᑕᐃᒪᐃᓕᐅᕈᓐᓃᖅᓗᑎᒃ.
ᐃᓪᓗᕐᓇᖅᑐᖅ ᐊᔾᔨᓕᐊᖅ
ᓴᓇᔨᐅᔪᑦ ᐊᒃᓴᓗᐊᕐᒥᒃ ᓈᓴᐃᔪᑦ. ᐊᓯᖏᑦ ᐃᖏᕈᓯᕐᒥᒃ ᐱᔪᑦ.
ᐱᕝᕕᒋᔭᐅᔪᑦ
- Bass, T. A. The Eudaemonic Pie.
- Barnhart, R. T. Beating the Wheel.
- Thorp, E. O. “Optimal gambling systems for favorable games.”
- Thorp, E. O. “The invention of the first wearable computer.”
- Schwartz, D. G. Roll the Bones: The History of Gambling.
- Chellel, K. “The Gambler Who Beat Roulette.”
- Fletcher, A. From the Mill to Monte Carlo.
- Quinn, R. The Man Who Broke the Bank at Monte Carlo.
- Leigh, N. Thirteen Against the Bank.
- Life. “How to Win $6,500: Two student theoreticians invent system for beating roulette wheel.”
- The New York Times. “Richard Jarecki, Doctor Who Conquered Roulette, Dies at 86.”
- Bethell, V. Monte Carlo Anecdotes and Systems of Play.
- Sampedro, J. “Los ‘tecnotahúres’ vuelven al casino.”