ᒪᓐᑎ ᑳᓗ ᑳᓯᓄ
ᐃᒡᓗ ᐊᑕᐅᓯᖅ ᓯᕉ ᑐᓴᖅᑕᐅᓕᖅᑎᑦᑎᔪᖅ, ᐅᓂᒃᑳᓪᓗ ᐃᒡᓗ ᑐᓴᖅᑕᐅᓕᖅᑎᑦᑎᔪᑦ.
1863-ᒥ ᒪᑐᐃᖅᑕᐅᓚᐅᖅᑐᖅ 1878-ᒥᓗ ᓵᓪᔅ ᒑᓂᐊ (Charles Garnier) ᓄᑖᙳᖅᑎᓚᐅᖅᑕᖓ, ᒪᓐᑎ ᑳᓗ ᑳᓯᓄ ᑳᓯᓄᓄᑦ ᐅᐃᒻᒪᖅᓯᕐᕕᓐᓄᓪᓗ ᑕᐃᑦᓱᒪᙵᓂᑦ ᒪᓕᒐᑦᓴᐅᔪᖅ. ᕉᓚᑦ ᐱᙳᐊᕐᕕᖏᑦ ᐊᑕᐅᓯᖅ ᓯᕉ ᐊᒃᓴᓗᐊᓂᒃ ᕖᓇᓯ ᒪᓕᒐᖏᓐᓂᒡᓗ ᐊᑐᐃᔪᑦ, ᐱᙳᐊᕐᓂᐅᑉ ᐅᓂᒃᑳᖏᑦ ᑐᓴᖅᑕᐅᓂᖅᐹᑦ ᑕᐃᑲᓂ ᐱᓚᐅᖅᑐᑦ.
ᐃᒡᓗ
ᓯᕗᓪᓕᖅᐹᖅ ᑳᓯᓄ ᐃᒡᓗᐅᓚᐅᖅᑐᖅ ᐊᖏᓗᐊᙱᑦᑐᖅ. 1878-ᒥ ᓵᓪᔅ ᒑᓂᐊ, ᐸᐃᕆᔅ Opéra-ᒥᒃ ᓴᓇᓚᐅᖅᓯᒪᔪᖅ, Salle Garnier-ᒥᒃ ᓯᓚᑖᓂᓪᓗ ᐊᔾᔨᓕᐊᓂ ᑕᒪᐃᓐᓂ ᓴᖅᑭᕙᒃᑐᒥᒃ ᐃᓚᒋᐊᖅᓯᓚᐅᖅᑐᖅ: ᒪᕐᕉᒃ ᖁᑦᑎᒃᑐᒃ ᐃᒡᓗᒃ, ᑕᕆᐅᒧᑦ ᓴᐅᒥᐊᖅᑐᖅ ᑕᓯᐊᖅ, ᐱᙳᐊᕐᕕᒡᔪᐊᓗ ᐅᑉᐱᐊᓗᖕᒥᒃ ᖃᐅᒪᔪᓂᒃ ᐃᒡᓗᓕᒃ, ᐱᙳᐊᖅᑎ ᑕᐃᑲᓂ ᐊᓯᐅᔾᔨᓂᖅ ᐃᓚᒋᔭᐅᓂᐅᔪᖅᑐᑦ ᐃᓱᒪᖁᓪᓗᒍ ᓴᓇᔭᐅᓯᒪᔪᑦ. Salle Europe, ᑕᕐᕋᓕᓐᓂᒃ ᐃᑦᑐᖅᓴᐃᓪᓗ ᐊᕐᕕᓂᓖᑦ ᒪᕐᕉᓐᓂᒃ ᖃᐅᒪᐅᑎᓕᒃ, ᒪᑐᐃᖅᑕᐅᑎᓪᓗᒍ ᕉᓚᑦ ᐱᙳᐊᕐᕕᖃᖅᓯᒪᔪᖅ ᒫᓐᓇᓗ ᐱᑕᖃᖏᓐᓇᖅᑐᖅ.
ᐱᙳᐊᕐᕕᐃᑦ
ᐊᑕᐅᓯᖅ ᓯᕉᐊᒃᓴᓗᐊᖅᓯᕉᐊᑕᐅᓯᖅ ᐅᔾᔪᐊᕌᔭᒃ ᐃᓂ ᐊᔾᔨᒌᒃᑐᒥᒃ ᐊᑭᓕᐅᑎᓕᖕᓄᑦ, ᑕᓴᓐᓄᑦ ᓇᑉᐸᖅᑐᓄᓪᓘᓐᓃᑦ ᐱᙳᐊᕈᑏᑦ ᐃᓚᐅᑎᙱᑕᖓ; ᑳᓯᓅᑉ ᐃᓚᖓᑕ ᐱᓇᓪᓗᑎᖓ. ᐊᓯᐊᓂ ᐊᑎᖏᑦ: ᐊᑕᐅᓯᖅ ᓯᕉ, 0.ᐃᓘᓐᓇᖓ ᐅᖃᓕᒫᕐᓗᒍ → ᐊᒃᓴᓗᐊᑦ ᑕᒪᐃᓐᓂ, ᕖᓇᓯ ᐅᖃᐅᓯᖓᓂᒃ ᐱᙳᐊᕈᑎᓕᕆᕝᕕᖃᖅᑐᑦᐊᑐᖅᑕᐅᔪᑦᐱᙳᐊᕈᑎᓕᕆᕝᕕᒃᐱᙳᐊᕐᕕᒻᒥ ᑎᑎᕋᖅᓯᒪᔪᑦ ᐱᙳᐊᕈᑏᑦ ᐊᓪᓚᖏᑦ. ᐊᓯᐊᓂ ᐊᑎᖏᑦ: ᐱᙳᐊᕐᕕᒃ, ᐅᓗᐱᓕᒐᖅ, ᐊᓐᓄᕌᒃᓴᖅ.ᐃᓘᓐᓇᖓ ᐅᖃᓕᒫᕐᓗᒍ →, ᐅᖃᐅᓯᕐᒥᒃ ᐱᙳᐊᕈᑏᑦᐱᙳᐊᕐᕕᒃᐅᖃᐅᓯᕐᒥᒃ ᐱᙳᐊᕈᑎᐱᙳᐊᕈᑎ ᐱᙳᐊᖅᑎᑦᓯᔨᒧᑦ ᐅᖃᐅᓯᐅᔪᖅ ᐊᒡᒐᒥᒃ ᐃᓕᔭᐅᓐᖏᓪᓗᓂ, ᐊᒃᓴᓗᐊᑉ ᐃᓚᖓᓄᑦ ᐱᙳᐊᕈᑎᐅᒐᔪᒃᑐᖅ ᕗᐊᓴᓐ ᐅᕝᕙᓘᓐᓃᑦ ᑎᐊᕐ ᐊᔾᔨᖏᑦ. ᐊᓯᐊᓂ ᐊᑎᖓ: “ᐅᖃᐅᓯᕐᒥᒃ ᐱᙳᐊᕈᑎ”.ᐃᓘᓐᓇᖓ ᐅᖃᓕᒫᕐᓗᒍ → ᓂᕆᐅᒋᔭᐅᔪᑦ, ᐱᙳᐊᖅᑎᓗ ᓚ ᐸᕐᑕᔾᒪᓕᒐᖅᓚ ᐸᕐᑕᔾᕖᓇᓯ ᒪᓕᒐᖓ: ᓯᕉ ᐊᔪᒐᖅᐸᑦ, ᐊᔾᔨᒌᒃᑐᒥᒃ ᐊᑭᓕᐅᑎᓕᒃ ᐱᙳᐊᕈᑎ ᑮᓇᐅᔭᖓᑕ ᕿᑎᖓ ᐅᑎᖅᑎᑕᐅᔪᖅ. ᑕᐃᒃᑯᓂ ᐱᙳᐊᕈᑏᓐᓂ ᑳᓯᓅᑉ ᐃᓚᖓ ᕿᑎᐊᓄᑦ ᒥᑭᓕᒋᐊᖅᑎᑕᐅᔪᖅ, 1.35%-ᒧᑦ.ᐃᓘᓐᓇᖓ ᐅᖃᓕᒫᕐᓗᒍ → ᐅᕝᕙᓘᓐᓃᑦ ᐊᓐ ᐳᕆᓴᓐᒪᓕᒐᖅᐊᓐ ᐳᕆᓴᓐᕖᓇᓯ ᒪᓕᒐᖓ: ᓯᕉ ᐊᔪᒐᖅᐸᑦ, ᐊᔾᔨᒌᒃᑐᒥᒃ ᐊᑭᓕᐅᑎᓕᒃ ᐱᙳᐊᕈᑎ ᐊᓯᐅᔾᔨᑕᐅᙱᑦᑐᖅ, ᑐᓪᓕᐊᓄᑦ ᑲᐃᕙᕐᓂᕐᒧᑦ ᑎᒍᒥᐊᖅᑕᐅᔪᖅ. ᑕᐃᒃᑯᓂ ᐱᙳᐊᕈᑏᓐᓂ ᑳᓯᓅᑉ ᐃᓚᖓᓂᒃ ᕿᑎᐊᓄᑦ ᒥᑭᓕᒋᐊᖅᑎᑦᓯᔪᖅ.ᐃᓘᓐᓇᖓ ᐅᖃᓕᒫᕐᓗᒍ → ᓇᓚᐅᑦᑖᕈᓐᓇᖅᑐᖅ ᐊᔾᔨᒌᒃᑐᒥᒃ ᐊᑭᓕᐅᑎᓖᓐᓂ ᐱᙳᐊᕈᑎᓂᐱᙳᐊᕈᑎᐊᔾᔨᒌᒃᑐᒥᒃ ᐊᑭᓕᐅᑎᓕᒃ ᐱᙳᐊᕈᑎᐊᐅᐸᓗᒃᑐᖅ/ᕿᕐᓂᖅᑐᖅ, ᐊᕕᒃᑕᐅᔪᓐᓇᙱᑦᑐᖅ/ᐊᕕᒃᑕᐅᔪᓐᓇᖅᑐᖅ, ᐊᖏᔪᑦ/ᒥᑭᔪᑦ. 18 ᓈᓴᐅᑏᑦ, ᐊᑭᓕᐅᑎ 1:1.ᐃᓘᓐᓇᖓ ᐅᖃᓕᒫᕐᓗᒍ → ᓯᕉ ᓴᖅᑭᒃᐸᑦ. ᒥᑭᓛᑦ ᐊᖏᓂᖅᓴᐅᔪᑦ ᐃᐅᕌᐸᒥ ᐱᙳᐊᕐᕕᓐᓂ ᐊᒥᓲᓂᖅᐸᖏᓐᓂᑦ, ᐊᓐᓄᕌᖑᐊᕐᓂᕐᒧᓪᓗ ᒪᓕᒐᐃᑦ ᑖᒃᑯᑦ ᒪᓕᒃᑕᐅᑦᑐᐊᕆᐊᓖᑦ. ᐃᒡᓗᑦ ᐃᓕᓴᐃᔭᐅᓯᒪᔪᑦ ᐊᖏᓂᖅᓴᓂᒃ ᑭᒡᓕᓖᑦ ᑭᓇᑐᐃᓐᓇᐅᑉ ᐃᒡᓗᖏᑕ ᑐᓄᐊᓂ ᐃᓂᖃᖅᑐᑦ. ᓴᓇᕐᕈᑏᑦ ᒫᓐᓇᐅᔪᑦ; ᐱᐅᓯᖏᑦ, ᐱᙳᐊᖅᑎᑦᓯᔨᐅᑉ ᐅᖃᐅᓯᖓ “ᕆᐊᓐ ᓇ ᕙ ᐳᓗFR · ᐊᐅᓚᑦᓯᓂᖅᕆᐊᓐ ᓇ ᕙ ᐳᓗ“ᓱᓇᓗ ᐊᐅᓚᔪᓐᓃᖅᑐᖅ.” ᕖᓇᓯ ᐅᖃᐅᓯᖓ ᐱᙳᐊᕈᑎᓕᐅᕐᓂᖅ ᓄᖅᑲᖅᑐᖅ.ᐃᓘᓐᓇᖓ ᐅᖃᓕᒫᕐᓗᒍ →” ᐃᓚᓗᒍ, 19-ᖓᓂ ᐊᕐᕌᒍᐃᑦ ᑕᑕᑎᒐᖏᓐᓂᑦ ᐱᖃᑦᑕᕐᓂᐅᔪᑦ.
ᓄᓇᒥᒃ ᓴᓇᔪᖅ ᓈᓴᐃᓂᖅ
2.70%-ᒥᒃ ᐱᙳᐊᕈᑏᑦ ᐊᒥᓲᓂᖅᐸᖏᓐᓂ 1.35%-ᒥᓗ ᐊᔾᔨᒌᒃᑐᒥᒃ ᐊᑭᓕᐅᑎᓖᓐᓂ, ᑳᓯᓅᑉ ᐃᓚᖓ ᐊᓯᖏᓐᓂᑦ ᐃᓘᓐᓇᖏᓐᓂᑦ ᐊᑦᑎᓂᖅᓴᐅᓚᐅᖅᑐᖅ. ᐅᓄᕐᓂᖅ ᐃᓚᒋᐊᖅᓯᓚᐅᖅᑐᖅ: ᓄᓇᒃᑯᑦ ᐅᒥᐊᕐᔪᐊᑦ ᓃᔅᒥᑦ (Nice) 1868-ᒥᑦ, ᐅᐃᒻᒪᖅᓯᕐᕕᐃᑦ ᖃᖅᑲᒥ, ᐱᙳᐊᕐᓂᕐᓗ ᐅᑭᐅᓕᒫᖅ. 1869-ᒧᑦ ᑳᓯᓄ ᓄᓇᒥᒃ ᐊᑭᓕᖅᓯᓚᐅᖅᑐᖅ ᐃᓐᑳᒻ ᑖᒃᓯᖅ ᐲᖅᑕᐅᓪᓗᓂ. ᐳᓛᓐ ᐃᓕᓐᓂᐊᖅᑎᑦᑎᓂᖓ ᑕᒪᓐᓇ ᒪᑉᐱᒐᐃᑦ ᐅᑎᖅᑎᑦᑎᕙᒃᑕᖓ: ᑳᓯᓅᑉ ᐃᓚᖓ × ᐱᙳᐊᕈᑏᑦ ᑲᑎᑕᐅᓂᖏᑦᑮᓇᐅᔭᖅᐱᙳᐊᕈᑏᑦ ᑲᑎᑕᐅᓂᖏᑦᐱᙳᐊᖅᑕᐅᓂᖓᓂ ᐅᕝᕙᓘᓐᓃᑦ ᐱᕕᒃᓴᕐᒥ ᐱᙳᐊᕈᑎᒋᔭᐅᔪᑦ ᑲᑎᓪᓗᒋᑦ, ᐊᔪᒐᐅᑎᑦ ᐱᙳᐊᕈᑎᒋᖃᑦᑕᖅᑕᐅᔪᑦ ᐃᓚᓗᒋᑦ. ᐊᓯᐊᓂ ᐊᑎᖏᑦ: ᕼᐋᓐᑐᓪ, ᐋᒃᓴᓐ.ᐃᓘᓐᓇᖓ ᐅᖃᓕᒫᕐᓗᒍ → ᓂᐅᕕᕐᓂᖅ ᐃᓘᓐᓇᖓ, ᐱᙳᐊᕈᑏᓪᓗ ᑲᑎᑕᐅᓂᖏᑦ ᐊᑭᖓᓄᑦ ᑭᐅᕙᒃᑐᑦ.
ᐳᓛᕆᓂᖅ
ᐃᒡᓗᐃᑦ ᐊᖏᓂᖅᐹᑦ 18 ᐅᖓᑖᓄᑦ ᐅᑭᐅᓕᓐᓂᒃ ᓇᓗᓇᐃᖅᑯᑎᓕᓐᓂᒃ ᐳᓛᖅᑐᓂᒃ ᐃᓯᖁᔨᔪᑦ; ᓄᓇᓕᒻᒥᐅᑦ ᓱᓕ ᑮᓇᐅᔭᓂᒃ ᐱᙳᐊᖁᔭᐅᙱᑦᑐᑦ. ᐱᙳᐊᕐᕕᓐᓄᑦ ᐃᓯᕐᓂᖅ ᐊᑭᓕᒃ, ᐊᑭᖃᙱᑦᑐᕐᓗ ᐃᓂ slot ᐱᙳᐊᕈᑎᓕᒃ ᐱᑕᖃᖅᑐᖅ. ᕉᓚᑦᒥᒃ ᑕᑯᓐᓇᕐᓂᐊᖅᐸᕐᓂ, Salle Europe ᐅᓐᓄᓴᒃᑯᑦ ᐱᒋᐊᕐᓂᖓᓂ ᐃᓂᐅᔪᖅ: ᐱᙳᐊᖅᑎᑦᓯᔨ, ᑕᑭᔪᖅ ᑲᑎᖅᓱᐃᔾᔪᑎ, ᓯᑉᐳᑦᑮᓇᐅᔭᖅᓯᑉᓇᓗᓇᐃᒃᑯᑎ ᐊᑭᖃᐃᓐᓇᖅᑐᖅ, ᐱᙳᐊᕈᑎᓕᕆᕝᕕᖕᒥ ᐃᓕᔭᐅᔪᖅ ᐱᙳᐊᕈᑎᓕᐅᕐᓂᕐᒧᑦ. ᐊᓯᐊᓂ ᐊᑎᖓ: ᓯᐊᒃ (check).ᐃᓘᓐᓇᖓ ᐅᖃᓕᒫᕐᓗᒍ → ᕖᓇᓯ ᐅᖃᐅᓯᖓᓂᒃ ᐅᖃᐅᓯᐅᔪᑦ, ᐊᒃᓴᓗᐊᕐᓗ ᐱᔪᓐᓇᕐᓂᖏᑦ 1863-ᒥᑦ ᐊᓯᑦᑐᖅᓯᒪᙱᑦᑐᑦ.
ᐊᐱᖅᑯᑏᑦ
ᐳᓛᖅᑐᑦ 18 ᐅᖓᑖᓄᑦ ᐅᑭᐅᓖᑦ ᓇᓗᓇᐃᖅᑯᑎᓖᑦ, ᓈᒻᒪᒃᑐᓂᒃ ᐊᓐᓄᕌᖃᖅᑐᑦ. ᒨᓇᑯ ᓄᓇᖃᖅᑳᖅᑐᖏᑦ ᑮᓇᐅᔭᓂᒃ ᐱᙳᐊᖁᔭᐅᙱᑦᑐᑦ.
ᐊᑕᐅᓯᖅ ᓯᕉ ᕖᓇᓯ ᒪᓕᒐᖏᓐᓂᒃ ᓇᓃᑐᐃᓐᓇᖅ ᐅᐊᑦᑎᐊᕈᑦ ᕉᓚᑦ ᐱᐅᓛᖅ; ᐃᐅᕌᐸ ᑳᓯᓅᖏᑦ ᐊᒥᓱᑦ ᐊᔾᔨᐅᔪᑦ.
ᐱᓪᓚᕆᙱᑦᑐᒃᑯᑦ. ᑳᓯᓄ ᐱᙳᐊᕐᕕᖕᒥᒃ ᐅᓪᓗᒥᒡᓗ ᐊᖏᖅᑕᐅᓯᒪᔪᑦ ᐅᓂᒃᑳᑦ ᐅᖓᑖᓄᑦ ᓱᓕᔪᒥᒃ ᐅᖃᓚᐅᖅᓯᒪᙱᑦᑐᖅ.
ᐃᓪᓗᕐᓇᖅᑐᖅ ᐊᔾᔨᓕᐊᖅ
ᐊᑦᑎᓐᓂᖅᓴᖅ ᑳᓯᓅᑉ ᐃᓚᖓ, ᐅᓄᖅᑐᑦ ᐱᙳᐊᕈᑏᑦ, ᓄᓇᒃᑯᑦ ᐅᒥᐊᕐᔪᐊᑦ ᐊᖁᑎᖓ, ᐃᒡᓗᓕᐅᕐᓂᕐᒥᒃ ᐸᕐᓇᐃᔨᓪᓚᕆᒃ.
ᐱᕝᕕᒋᔭᐅᔪᑦ
- Schwartz, D. G. Roll the Bones: The History of Gambling.
- Kavanagh, T. M. Dice, Cards, Wheels: A Different History of French Culture.
- Barnhart, R. T. Beating the Wheel.