ᕉᓚᑦ ᐅᓂᒃᑳᓂ
ᐅᓂᒃᑳᓕᐅᖅᑏᑦ ᖃᓄᖅ ᕉᓚᑦᒥᒃ ᐊᑐᐃᕙᒻᒪᖔᑕ ᑮᓇᐅᔭᓂᒃ, ᐱᒍᓐᓇᐃᓕᓂᕐᒥᒃ ᐱᔪᓐᓇᕐᓂᕐᒥᒡᓗ ᑎᑎᕋᕐᓂᕐᒧᑦ.
ᑕᔅᑐᔭᐃᕝᔅᑭᐅᑉ (Dostoevsky) The Gambler-ᖓᓂᑦ ᔮᒃ ᓚᓐᑕᓐ (Jack London) ᑲᓗᓐᑕᐃᒃ ᐅᓂᒃᑳᖓᓄᑦ ᕕᓚᒥᖕᐅᓪᓗ (Fleming) Casino Royale-ᖓᓄᑦ, ᐅᓂᒃᑳᓂ ᕉᓚᑦ ᐱᙳᐊᖅᑎᒥᒃ ᐅᖃᐅᓯᖃᖅᑐᖅ, ᐊᒃᓴᓗᐊᕐᒥᒃ ᐱᙱᑦᑐᖅ. ᐱᐅᓛᖏᑦ ᐱᙳᐊᖅᑎᐅᑉ ᐃᓱᒪᒋᓗᐊᖅᑕᖓ, ᐱᒍᓐᓇᐃᓕᓂᖅ ᐸᕐᓇᐅᑎᓗ ᐃᓗᐊᓂᑦ ᓇᓗᓇᐃᖅᓯᔪᑦ, ᓱᓕᔪᒻᒪᕆᐅᓪᓗᑎᒃ ᐸᕐᓇᐅᑎᓄᑦ ᐅᖃᓕᒫᒐᐃᑦ ᑎᑭᑦᑕᐅᓚᐅᖅᓯᒪᙱᑕᖓᓂᒃ.
ᓚᐳᓫᐃ, 1801
La Roulette, ou le Jour ᐅᓂᒃᑳᐅᔪᖅ ᐱᙳᐊᕐᓂᕐᒥᒃ ᓯᕗᓪᓕᖅᐹᒥᒃ ᐃᓘᓐᓇᒥᒃ ᓇᓗᓇᐃᖅᓯᓂᖃᖅᑐᖅ: Palais-Royal-ᐅᑉ ᐃᒡᓗᖏᑦ, ᒪᕐᕉᒃ ᓯᕉᐊᒃᓴᓗᐊᖅᓯᕉᐊᑕᐅᓯᖅ ᐅᔾᔪᐊᕌᔭᒃ ᐃᓂ ᐊᔾᔨᒌᒃᑐᒥᒃ ᐊᑭᓕᐅᑎᓕᖕᓄᑦ, ᑕᓴᓐᓄᑦ ᓇᑉᐸᖅᑐᓄᓪᓘᓐᓃᑦ ᐱᙳᐊᕈᑏᑦ ᐃᓚᐅᑎᙱᑕᖓ; ᑳᓯᓅᑉ ᐃᓚᖓᑕ ᐱᓇᓪᓗᑎᖓ. ᐊᓯᐊᓂ ᐊᑎᖏᑦ: ᐊᑕᐅᓯᖅ ᓯᕉ, 0.ᐃᓘᓐᓇᖓ ᐅᖃᓕᒫᕐᓗᒍ →, ᐱᙳᐊᕈᑎᓕᕆᕝᕕᒃᐊᑐᖅᑕᐅᔪᑦᐱᙳᐊᕈᑎᓕᕆᕝᕕᒃᐱᙳᐊᕐᕕᒻᒥ ᑎᑎᕋᖅᓯᒪᔪᑦ ᐱᙳᐊᕈᑏᑦ ᐊᓪᓚᖏᑦ. ᐊᓯᐊᓂ ᐊᑎᖏᑦ: ᐱᙳᐊᕐᕕᒃ, ᐅᓗᐱᓕᒐᖅ, ᐊᓐᓄᕌᒃᓴᖅ.ᐃᓘᓐᓇᖓ ᐅᖃᓕᒫᕐᓗᒍ →, ᑯᕉᐱᐊᓪᓗᐃᓄᐃᑦᑯᕉᐱᐊᕉᓚᑦ ᐱᙳᐊᕐᕕᖓᓂ ᐱᙳᐊᖅᑎᑦᓯᔨ.ᐃᓘᓐᓇᖓ ᐅᖃᓕᒫᕐᓗᒍ → ᐅᖃᐅᓯᖏᑦ. ᕉᓚᑦ ᓇᑭᙶᕐᓂᖓᓄᑦ ᓯᕗᓪᓕᖅᐹᖅ ᐱᕝᕕᒋᔭᐅᔪᖅ, ᑭᓇᑐᐃᓐᓇᓗ ᐅᓂᒃᑳᑐᑦ ᐅᖃᓕᒫᓚᐅᖅᓯᒪᙱᑕᖓ, ᑕᒪᓐᓇᓗ ᓈᒻᒪᒃᑐᖅ ᐃᒻᒪᖄ.
ᑕᔅᑐᔭᐃᕝᔅᑭ, 1866
The Gambler 26-ᓂ ᐅᓪᓗᓂ ᐅᖃᐅᓯᕐᒥᒃ ᑎᑎᕋᖅᑎᑦᑕᐅᓚᐅᖅᑐᖅ ᐊᖏᖃᑎᒌᓐᓂᖅ ᐊᑐᖅᑎᓐᓂᐊᖅᓗᒍ ᐅᐃᔅᐹᑕᓐᒥᓗ (Wiesbaden) ᕼᐊᒻᐳᕐᒡᒥᓗ ᑮᓇᐅᔭᓂᒃ ᐱᙳᐊᕐᓂᕐᒧᑦ ᐊᑭᓖᔭᖏᑦ ᐊᑭᓕᓂᐊᖅᓗᒋᑦ. ᐅᓂᒃᑳᖅᑎᖓ, ᐊᓕᒃᓯ (Alexei), ᐃᓕᓐᓂᐊᖅᑎᑦᓯᔨᐅᔪᖅ ᐅᓛᓯᐊᐅᑉ ᐃᓚᒌᖏᓐᓂ “ᕉᓚᑦᑕᓐᐳᕐᒡᒥ” (Roulettenburg), ᐱᙳᐊᕐᕕᓐᓂ ᑮᓇᐅᔭᐅᔭᓂᒃ ᐊᔪᒐᖅᑐᖅ ᐊᓯᐅᔾᔨᓪᓗᓂᓗ, ᓇᒻᒥᓂᓗ ᐊᓯᐅᓪᓗᓂ, ᐅᖃᓕᒫᒐᐅᑉ ᐃᓗᐊᓂ. ᐱᙳᐊᕐᕕᓐᓂᒃ ᓇᓗᓇᐃᖅᓯᓂᖏᑦ, ᐱᙳᐊᖅᑏᑦ ᐸᕐᓇᐅᑎᖏᑦ, ᑐᓪᓕᖅᑐᑦ ᓄᖅᑲᕆᐊᖃᕐᓂᕋᐅᔭᖅᑕᐅᓂᖏᑦ, ᐊᔪᒐᕐᓂᕐᓗ ᖃᐅᔨᓂᐅᔪᖅᑐᑦ ᐃᓱᒪᒋᔭᐅᓂᖓ ᐱᙳᐊᖅᑎᐅᑉ ᐃᓱᒪᒋᓗᐊᖅᑕᖓᓂᒃ ᐅᖃᐅᓯᑐᐃᓐᓇᐅᓂ ᐅᓂᒃᑳᓂ ᐱᐅᓛᑦ, ᑎᑎᕋᖅᑕᐅᓯᒪᓪᓗᑎᒃ ᖃᓂᒋᔮᒍᑦ ᑕᓪᓕᒪᓂ ᖁᓕᓂ ᐊᕐᕌᒍᓂ 26 ᕿᕐᓂᖅᑐᑦᐱᙳᐊᕈᑎᕿᕐᓂᖅᑐᖅᐊᔾᔨᒌᒃᑐᒥᒃ ᐊᑭᓕᐅᑎᓕᒃ ᐱᙳᐊᕈᑎ 18 ᕿᕐᓂᖅᑐᓄᑦ ᓈᓴᐅᑎᓄᑦ. ᕖᓇᓯᑐᑦ: ᓄᐊᕐ (noir).ᐃᓘᓐᓇᖓ ᐅᖃᓕᒫᕐᓗᒍ → ᓯᕗᓂᐊᓂ ᕼᐊᓐᑐᕆᑦ ᐊᕐᕌᒍᓂᓗ ᐃᓕᖅᑯᓯᕐᒧᑦ ᓂᐅᕕᕐᓂᕐᒧᑦ ᖃᐅᔨᓴᕐᓂᖅ ᓯᕗᓂᐊᓂ.
ᓴᑭᕆ ᐃᒥᖅᑕᕐᕕᐃᓪᓗ
Vanity Fair ᐃᓱᓕᑉᐳᖅ ᐱᐊᑭ ᓵᑉ (Becky Sharp) ᔫᒪᓂ ᐃᒥᖅᑕᕐᕕᓕᒻᒥ ᓄᓇᓕᒻᒥ ᐱᙳᐊᕐᕕᓐᓂ, ᐃᓚᖓᓗ ᓇᓗᓇᐃᖅᓯᑦᑎᐊᖅᑐᖅ ᑭᒃᑯᑦ ᕉᓚᑦ ᐊᒃᓴᓗᐊᖓᑕ ᐊᓯᐊᓂ ᐃᑦᑎᐊᓚᐅᕐᒪᖔᑕ 1840-ᖏᓐᓂ: ᓱᕋᒃᓯᒪᔪᑦ, ᓂᕆᐅᒃᑐᑦ, ᐃᓐᓂᑦᑐᑦ ᐱᙳᐊᕐᓂᕐᒥᒡᓗ ᐃᓅᓯᖃᖅᑐᑦ. ᓴᑭᕆ (Thackeray) ᑕᑯᓯᒪᓚᐅᖅᑐᖅ; ᐸᐊᑕᓐ-ᐸᐊᑕᓐ (Baden-Baden) ᐃᖏᓕᓐᓂᐅᑦ ᐃᖏᕐᕋᔪᑦ ᐊᖁᑎᖏᓐᓂᑦᑐᖅ. ᑐᑦᒐᓂᐊᕝ (Turgenev) Smoke-ᖓ (1867) ᐊᔾᔨᓂ ᐃᒡᓗᓂ ᐱᔪᖅ.
ᔮᒃ ᓚᓐᑕᓐ, 1912
“Shorty Dreams”, Smoke Bellew-ᒥ ᐅᓂᒃᑳᖅ, ᐅᓂᒃᑳᐃᑦ ᐊᑕᐅᓯᐊᖓ ᐊᔪᒐᖅᑐᒥᒃ ᕉᓚᑦ ᐱᙳᐊᖅᑎᒥᒃ ᓱᓕᔪᒥᒃ ᐅᖃᐅᓯᖃᖅᑐᖅ, ᐱᙳᐊᖅᑎ ᐸᕐᓇᐅᑎᒥᒃ ᐊᑐᐃᙱᒻᒪᑦ. ᓯᒨᒃ ᐱᓗ (Smoke Bellew), ᓵᓐ ᕗᕆᓐᓯᔅᑯᒥᐅᑕᖅ ᑲᓗᓐᑕᐃᒃᒥ ᑳᑦᑐᓯᐅᖅᑎᐅᓕᖅᑐᖅ, ᑕᐅᓴᓐ (Dawson) Elkhorn ᐃᒥᐊᕐᕕᖓᓂ ᕉᓚᑦ ᐱᙳᐊᕐᕕᖓᓂ ᐃᑦᑎᐊᖅᑐᖅ ᐊᔪᒐᓕᖅᓗᓂᓗ, ᐅᓐᓄᐊᖅ ᐅᓐᓄᐊᖅ ᑭᖑᓂᐊᒍᑦ, 3,500 ᑖᓚᓂᒃ ᐊᑕᐅᓯᕐᒥ. ᐃᓚᖓ ᓲᑎ (Shorty) ᓯᓐᓇᒃᑑᒪᓂᕋᐃᔪᖅ. ᑕᐅᓴᓐ ᑮᓇᐅᔭᓂᒃ ᐱᙳᐊᖅᑎᖏᑦ, “ᐃᓕᓐᓂᐊᕐᕕᐊᓗᖕᓂ ᓈᓴᐃᓂᕐᒥᒃ ᐱᔪᓐᓇᖅᑐᓂᑦ” ᖃᐅᔨᒪᔪᑦ ᕉᓚᑦ ᓇᒻᒥᓂᖅ ᐸᕐᓇᐅᑎ ᐊᑕᐅᓯᐊᖅ ᐅᓂᖓᓂᒃ, ᑎᑎᕋᐅᓯᐊᓂᒃ ᑎᑎᕋᖅᓗᑎᒃ ᐱᙳᐊᕈᑎᖏᓐᓂᒃ ᑐᑭᓯᓇᓱᒃᑐᑦ ᓇᓕᒧᑐᐃᓐᓇᒥᒃ ᓇᓂᓯᙱᑦᑐᑦ, ᓯᒨᒃ ᐱᙳᐊᕐᓂᓂ ᐃᓱᒪᒋᔭᐅᓪᓗᓂ ᐊᓯᑦᑐᖅᓯᕙᒻᒪᑦ, ᐃᓛᓐᓂ ᑭᒡᓕᐊᓂ ᐱᙳᐊᕈᑎᓂᒃ ᓯᑕᒪᓂᒃ ᖁᓕᓂᒃ ᑐᓪᓕᖅᑐᓂᒃ ᐊᓯᐅᔾᔨᓪᓗᓂ ᓇᓗᓇᐃᓐᓂᖓ ᐊᓯᐅᖅᑎᓐᓂᐊᖅᓗᒍ.
ᓄᓇᓕᐅᑉ ᖁᓕᑦ ᐱᙳᐊᕐᕕᓕᖏᑦ 10,000 ᑖᓚᓂᒃ ᑲᑎᑦᑎᓚᐅᖅᑐᑦ ᑐᓄᐊᓂ ᐃᒡᓗᒥ ᐊᔪᖅᑎᑦᓯᓇᓱᒃᖁᓪᓗᒍ. ᐃᑲᕐᕋᒥ ᓇᑉᐸᓕᐊᓗ ᐃᓱᓕᑦᑎᔪᖅ. ᑭᒡᓕᑎᒃ ᓴᓐᑦᒧᑦ ᒥᑭᓕᒋᐊᖅᑐᓐᓇᕋᒥᒋᑦ ᐱᙳᐊᕐᕕᑎᓪᓘᓐᓃᑦ ᒪᑐᓂᐊᕋᒥᒋᑦ, ᐊᐱᖅᑐᑦ ᖃᓄᐃᑦᑐᒥᒃ ᐸᕐᓇᐅᑎ ᓂᐅᕕᖅᑎᑦᓯᓂᐊᕐᒪᖔᖓᓂᒃ. ᐱᖓᓱᑦ ᖁᓕᑦ ᑕᐅᓴᓐ ᑖᓚᑦ, ᐅᖃᖅᑐᖅ, ᐱᖓᓱᑦ ᑕᐅᓴᓐ ᐊᑕᐅᓯᑕᒫᖅ, ᑳᑦᑐᒥᒃ ᐊᑭᓕᖅᑕᐅᓪᓗᓂ, ᐊᖏᖅᓗᓂᓗ ᑕᐅᓴᓐᒥ ᑕᐃᒪᐃᓕᐅᕐᓂᐊᙱᓐᓂᕐᒥᓂᒃ. ᐊᑭᓕᖅᑐᑦ. ᑕᐃᒪᓐᓇ ᑕᑯᑎᑦᑎᔪᖅ: ᐊᖅᓴᖅᐊᑐᖅᑕᐅᔪᑦᐊᖅᓴᖅᒥᑭᔪᖅ ᐊᖅᓴᖅ ᐊᖁᑎᖓᓂ ᑲᐃᕙᖅᑐᑉ ᐊᑉᐱᖓᓄᑦ ᐃᒋᑕᐅᔪᖅ. ᒫᓐᓇᐅᔪᖅ ᐊᖅᓵᑦ ᐃᕗᕆᓐ ᐅᕝᕙᓘᓐᓃᑦ ᑎᕙᓚᓐ, 18–21 mm.ᐃᓘᓐᓇᖓ ᐅᖃᓕᒫᕐᓗᒍ → ᒥᓯᒃᑎᑕᐅᒃᐸᑦ 9 ᑕᑯᔭᖅᑐᖅᓯᐅᖅᑎᐅᑉ ᓴᐅᒥᐊᓂ ᐃᓂᖃᖅᑎᓪᓗᒍ, 26 ᐊᔪᒐᖅᑐᖅ; 11 ᓴᐅᒥᐊᓂ ᒪᕐᕉᒃ ᓯᕉᐊᔾᔨᒋᙱᑦᑐᖅᒪᕐᕉᒃ ᓯᕉᐊᒥᐊᓕᑲ ᐊᒃᓴᓗᐊᖓᑕ 00 ᐃᓂᖓ. ᐱᑕᖃᕐᓂᖓ ᑳᓯᓅᑉ ᐃᓚᖓᓂᒃ ᖁᕝᕙᓯᑎᑦᓯᔪᖅ 2.70%-ᒥᑦ 5.26%-ᒧᑦ.ᐃᓘᓐᓇᖓ ᐅᖃᓕᒫᕐᓗᒍ → ᓴᖅᑭᑦᑐᖅ; ᒪᕐᕉᒃ ᓯᕉ ᓴᐅᒥᐊᓂ 32 ᓴᖅᑭᑦᑐᖅ. “ᑕᒪᐃᓐᓇ ᐱᙱᑦᑐᖅ, ᑭᓯᐊᓂ ᐅᐊᑦᑎᐊᕈᑦ ᐱᕙᒃᑐᖅ.” ᐱᒃ ᐳᐊᒃ (Big Burke) ᐊᒃᓴᓗᐊᖅ ᓄᖅᑲᖅᑎᑦᑐᖅ, ᑕᑯᓪᓗᒍ, ᐱᙳᐊᕐᕕᐅᑉ ᓴᓂᐊᓂ ᐆᖅᑰᓴᐃᒻᒥᒃ ᑕᑯᓪᓗᓂ, ᐊᓗᐊᕈᓯᖅᑐᖅ. ᐊᒃᓴᓗᐊᖅ ᐆᓇᖅᑐᒥᑦ ᓴᖑᓯᒪᔪᖅ. ᐸᕐᓇᐅᑎᐅᓚᐅᖅᓯᒪᙱᑦᑐᖅ; ᓴᖑᓯᒪᔪᖅ ᐊᒃᓴᓗᐊᖅᖃᐅᔨᓴᕐᕕᒃᓴᖑᓯᒪᔪᖅ ᐊᒃᓴᓗᐊᖅᐊᒃᓴᓗᐊᖅ ᓴᓇᓂᖓᑕ ᐊᑲᐅᙱᓐᓂᖏᑦ ᐃᓂᓂᒃ ᐃᓚᖏᓐᓂᒃ 1/37-ᒥᑦ ᐱᔪᓐᓇᕐᓂᖅᓴᐅᑎᑦᓯᔪᑦ. ᖃᐅᔨᔭᐅᑦᓯᐊᙱᑦᑐᖅ, ᑕᐅᓴᓐ ᐊᒥᓱᑦ ᑲᐃᕙᕐᓃᑦ ᑎᑎᕋᖅᑕᐅᓯᒪᒍᑎᒃ ᖃᐅᔨᔭᐅᔪᓐᓇᖅᑐᖅ.ᐃᓘᓐᓇᖓ ᐅᖃᓕᒫᕐᓗᒍ → ᐊᖑᑎᓗ ᖃᐅᔨᔪᖅ.
ᓚᓐᑕᓐ ᑲᓗᓐᑕᐃᒃᒥ ᐅᑭᐅᖅᑕᖅᓯᓚᐅᖅᑐᖅ 1897–98-ᒥ ᐃᒥᐊᕐᕕᐃᓪᓗ ᖃᐅᔨᒪᓪᓗᓂᒋᑦ. ᐅᓂᒃᑳᖅ ᐃᓘᓐᓇᖅ ᐃᓕᓐᓂᐊᖅᑎᑦᑎᔾᔪᑎᐅᔪᖅ ᐱᐅᓂᖅᓴᐅᓂᕐᒥᒃ ᕿᓂᕐᓂᕐᒧᑦ ᖃᓂᒋᔮᒍᑦ ᑕᓪᓕᒪᓂ ᖁᓕᓂ ᐊᕐᕌᒍᓂ ᑐᐊᑉ ᓯᕗᓂᐊᓂ: ᑕᑯᓐᓇᕐᓗᑎᑦ, ᑎᑎᕋᕐᓗᑎᑦ, ᐊᒃᓴᓗᐊᑉ ᐃᓚᖓᓄᑦᐊᒃᓴᓗᐊᖅᐊᒃᓴᓗᐊᑉ ᐃᓚᖓᐊᒃᓴᓗᐊᕐᒥ ᐃᓂᑦ ᓴᓂᓕᐅᑎᒌᒃᑐᑦ ᑲᑎᑦᑐᑦ, ᐱᙳᐊᕈᑎᓕᕆᕝᕕᖕᒥ ᑲᑎᑦᑐᓂᑦ ᐊᔾᔨᒋᙱᑦᑐᑦ.ᐃᓘᓐᓇᖓ ᐅᖃᓕᒫᕐᓗᒍ → ᐱᙳᐊᕈᑎᓕᐅᕐᓗᑎᑦ, ᐱᙳᐊᕐᓂᕐᓂ ᐊᓯᑦᑐᖅᓯᓗᑎᑦ ᑳᓯᓄ ᑕᑯᔭᕐᓂᒃ ᑕᑯᔪᓐᓇᙱᖁᓪᓗᒍ, ᓂᐅᕕᖅᑎᑦᓯᓗᑎᓪᓗ ᐱᙳᐊᕐᕕᒃ ᓅᑦᑕᐅᓚᐅᖅᑎᓐᓇᒍ. ᔪᓯᕝ ᔮᒡᒐ ᓱᓕᔪᒥᒃ ᑕᐃᒪᐃᓕᐅᖅᓯᒪᓚᐅᖅᑐᖅ ᒪᓐᑎ ᑳᓗᒥ ᖃᓂᒋᔮᒍᑦ 1880-ᒥ; ᓚᓐᑕᓐ ᐅᓂᒃᑳᖓ ᖃᓂᒻᒪᓇᓂᖅᓴᐅᔪᖅ ᐱᙳᐊᖅᑏᓪᓗ ᐸᕐᓇᐅᑏᑦ ᓱᒻᒪᑦ ᐊᑐᐃᓐᓇᐅᔪᓐᓇᙱᓐᓂᖏᓐᓂᒃ ᐃᓕᓐᓂᐊᖅᑎᑦᑎᓂᖏᑦ ᓱᓕᔪᑦ ᐅᕙᓂ ᒪᑉᐱᒐᕐᒥ ᓇᓕᒧᑐᐃᓐᓇᑐᑦ.
ᕕᓚᒥᖕ, 1953
Casino Royale ᐅᐊᑦᑎᐊᕈᑦ baccarat-ᒥᒃ ᐅᖃᐅᓯᖃᖅᑐᖅ. ᕉᓚᑦᒥ ᐹᓐᑦ (Bond) ᓯᕗᓪᓕᖅᐹᖕᓄᑦ ᒪᕐᕉᖕᓄᑦ ᑕᓴᓐᓄᑦᐱᙳᐊᕈᑎᑕᓴᓐ1–12, 13–24 ᐅᕝᕙᓘᓐᓃᑦ 25–36, ᐊᑭᓕᐅᑎ 2:1.ᐃᓘᓐᓇᖓ ᐅᖃᓕᒫᕐᓗᒍ → ᐱᙳᐊᕐᕕᐅᑉ ᐊᖏᓛᖓᓂᒃ ᐱᙳᐊᕈᑎᓕᐅᖅᑐᖅ, ᐱᙳᐊᕈᑎᓕᕆᕝᕕᒃ ᐱᖓᓱᐃᑦ ᐃᓚᖏᓐᓂᑦ ᒪᕐᕉᖕᓂᒃ ᐱᙳᐊᕈᑎᓕᐅᖅᓗᓂ, ᑕᐃᑲᓂᓗ ᐱᖓᓲᔪᖅᑐᓂᒃ ᑲᐃᕙᕐᓂᓂᒃ ᐊᔪᒐᖅᑐᖅ ᐊᕐᕕᓂᓖᑦ ᐊᑕᐅᓯᐊᓂᑦ; ᕕᓚᒥᖕ (Fleming) ᐅᖃᖅᑎᑦᑐᖅ ᑲᐃᕙᕐᓂᑕᒫᖅ ᓯᕗᓂᐊᓂ ᑲᐃᕙᕐᓂᕐᒧᑦ ᐱᔾᔪᑎᖃᙱᓐᓂᖓᓂᒃ. “ᔭᐃᒻᔅ ᐹᓐᑦ ᐸᕐᓇᐅᑎ” ᐃᓂᑦᑎᐊᕐᓂᒃᑯᑦ ᓂᐅᕕᖅᑕᐅᔪᖅ, ᐱᙳᐊᕈᑏᑦ 19–36-ᒧᑦ, ᐱᖓᓲᔪᖅᑐᓄᑦ ᐱᙳᐊᕈᑎᐱᙳᐊᕈᑎᐱᖓᓲᔪᖅᑐᓄᑦ ᐱᙳᐊᕈᑎᐱᖓᓲᔪᖅᑐᑦ ᓈᓴᐅᑏᑦ ᒪᕐᕉᓐᓂ ᓴᓂᓕᐅᑎᒌᒃᑐᓂ ᑐᑭᓕᐊᓂ, ᐊᑭᓕᐅᑎ 5:1. ᕖᓇᓯᑐᑦ: ᓯᓴᓐ (sixain).ᐃᓘᓐᓇᖓ ᐅᖃᓕᒫᕐᓗᒍ → 13–18-ᒧᑦ ᓯᕉᒧᓪᓗ, ᐅᓂᒃᑳᒥ ᐱᑕᖃᙱᑦᑐᖅ, ᕕᓚᒥᖕᐅᓪᓗ ᐅᖃᓕᒫᒐᖏᓐᓂ ᖃᐅᔨᓴᖅᑕᑦᑎᓐᓂ ᐱᑕᖃᙱᑦᑐᖅ; ᑭᓇ ᓯᕗᓪᓕᐅᓪᓗᓂ ᐹᓐᑦ ᐊᑎᖓᓂᒃ ᑐᓂᓯᓚᐅᕐᒪᖔᑦ ᓇᓗᓇᖅᑐᖅ. ᐱᙳᐊᕈᑏᒃ ᒪᕐᕉᒃ 2.70%-ᒥᒃ ᐊᑭᓕᒃ ᐊᑕᐅᓯᖅ ᓯᕉ ᐊᒃᓴᓗᐊᕐᒥ. ᐸᕐᓇᐅᑏᑦ ᐃᓚᖓᓂ ᓈᓴᐃᓂᖅ ᐱᑕᖃᖅᑐᖅ.
ᓱᓕᔪᑦ ᐅᓂᒃᑳᑦ
ᑕᒻᒪᔅ ᐹᔅ The Eudaemonic Pie-ᖓ (1985) ᐱᓗᒃᑯᑦ ᖃᕆᑕᐅᔭᖏᓐᓂᒃ ᐅᓂᒃᑳᖅᑐᖅ, ᕉᓚᑦᒥᓗ ᐊᐅᓚᓂᕐᒧᑦ ᐅᖃᓕᒫᒐᐃᑦ ᐱᐅᓛᖓ ᑭᓇᑐᐃᓐᓇᒧᑦ. ᕆᑦᓴᑦ ᐃᑉᓯᑎᓐ (Richard Epstein) ᓯᑐᐊᑦ ᐃᑎᐊᓗ (Stewart Ethier) ᓈᓴᐃᓂᕐᒥᒃ ᐱᒻᒪᕆᐅᔪᒥᒃ ᑎᑎᕋᓚᐅᖅᑐᒃ. ᕋᓯᓪ ᐹᓐᕼᐊᑦ (Russell Barnhart) Beating the Wheel-ᖓ (1992) ᓴᖑᓯᒪᔪᓂᒃ ᐊᒃᓴᓗᐊᓂᒃ ᐱᙳᐊᕐᓂᐅᑉ ᐱᐅᓯᑐᖃᖓᓂᒃ ᑲᑎᑦᑎᔪᖅ. ᑭᓇᑐᐃᓐᓇᖅ ᐸᕐᓇᐅᑏᑦ ᓱᒻᒪᑦ ᐊᔪᕈᓐᓃᖃᑦᑕᕐᒪᖔᑕ ᐅᖃᓕᒫᕆᐊᓕᒻᒥᒃ ᐅᖃᓕᒫᒐᕐᒥᒃ ᑎᑎᕋᓚᐅᖅᓯᒪᙱᑦᑐᖅ, ᒪᑉᐱᒐᕐᒧᑦ ᐊᑕᐅᓯᕐᒧᑦ ᐃᓗᐊᖅᑐᒻᒪᑦ, ᑕᒪᓐᓇᓗ ᐅᕙᓂ ᐱᑕᖃᖅᑐᖅ.
ᓚᐳᓫᐃ. ᐱᙳᐊᕐᓂᖅ ᓇᓗᓇᐃᖅᓯᔭᐅᔪᖅ.
ᐳᓯᑭᓐ. ᐸᕐᓇᐅᑎ ᐃᓱᒪᒃᑯᑦ ᐊᓐᓂᐊᕐᓂᐅᓪᓗᓂ (faro-ᒥ).
ᓴᑭᕆ. ᐃᒥᖅᑕᕐᕕᐅᑉ ᑳᓯᓅᖓᓂ ᐃᓄᐃᑦ.
ᑕᔅᑐᔭᐃᕝᔅᑭ. ᑮᓇᐅᔭᓂᒃ ᐱᙳᐊᖅᑎ ᓇᓗᓇᙱᓛᖅ.
ᐃᓐᖏᐅᓯᖅ: “The Man Who Broke the Bank at Monte Carlo”.
ᓚᓐᑕᓐ. ᓯᒨᒃ ᓴᖑᓯᒪᔪᒥᒃ ᐊᒃᓴᓗᐊᕐᒥᒃ ᑕᐅᓴᓐᒥ ᐊᔪᖅᑎᑦᓯᔪᖅ “ᐸᕐᓇᐅᑎᓗ” ᓂᐅᕕᖅᑎᑦᓯᓪᓗᓂ.
ᕕᓚᒥᖕ. ᐹᓐᑦ ᒪᕐᕉᖕᓄᑦ ᑕᓴᓐᓄᑦ ᐱᙳᐊᕈᑎᓕᐅᖅᑐᖅ.
ᐹᔅ; ᐹᓐᕼᐊᑦ. ᐊᒃᓴᓗᐊᕐᒥᒃ ᐊᔪᖅᑎᑦᓯᓂᕐᒧᑦ ᓱᓕᔪᑦ ᐅᓂᒃᑳᑦ.
ᐃᑎᐊ. ᓈᓴᐃᓂᖅ, ᐃᓘᓐᓇᖅ.
ᐅᓂᒃᑳᑦ ᖃᐅᔨᒪᔭᖏᑦ
ᐸᕐᓇᐅᑎ ᐊᐅᓚᑦᑎᔨᐅᓂᕋᐃᓂᕐᒧᑦ ᐃᓱᒪᒃᓴᖅᓯᐅᕈᑎᐅᓂᖓ. ᐊᔪᒐᕐᓂᖅ ᖃᐅᔨᒪᓂᐅᔪᖅᑐᑦ ᐃᓱᒪᒋᔭᐅᓂᖓ. ᐊᔪᒐᖏᓐᓇᕐᓂᖅ ᑲᔪᓯᔪᓐᓇᙱᑦᑐᖅ ᑲᔪᓯᓂᖓ. ᐱᙳᐊᖅᑎ ᐊᑕᐅᓯᐊᖅ ᐊᔪᒐᖅᑐᓪᓚᕆᒃ ᐊᒃᓴᓗᐊᕐᒥ ᐱᐅᙱᑦᑐᒥᒃ ᓇᓂᓯᔪᖅ, ᓱᒃᑲᔪᒥᒡᓗ ᓂᐅᕕᖅᑎᑦᓯᑦᑐᐊᕆᐊᖃᕐᓂᖓ. ᐱᙳᐊᕐᕕᒃ ᐃᓄᒃ ᑭᓇᐅᓂᖓᓂᒃ ᑕᑯᑎᑦᑎᕝᕕᐅᓂᖓ ᐃᓱᓕᓐᓂᖓ ᓇᒻᒥᓂᖅ ᐊᐅᓚᑦᑎᔭᐅᙱᑎᓪᓗᒍ. ᓈᓴᐃᓂᖅ ᐊᔾᔨᓂᒃ ᓈᓴᐅᑎᒃᑯᑦ ᐅᖃᖅᑐᖅ; ᐅᓂᒃᑳᓕᐅᖅᑏᑦ ᓯᕗᓪᓕᐅᓪᓗᑎᒃ ᐅᖃᓚᐅᖅᑐᑦ.
ᐊᐱᖅᑯᑏᑦ
The Gambler. ᓇᐃᑦᑐᖅ ᐊᒻᒪ ᐱᓗᐊᖅᑕᐅᔪᖅ ᐃᓘᓐᓇᖓᓂᒃ ᐱᑕᖃᖅᑐᖅ.
ᖃᓂᒋᔮᓪᓚᕆᒃᑐᖅ. ᑕᔅᑐᔭᐃᕝᔅᑭᐅᑉ ᓇᒻᒥᓂᖅ ᐊᓯᐅᔾᔨᓂᖏᑦ, ᑎᑎᕋᖅᑎᖓ (ᐅᐃᓕᐅᖅᑕᖓ) ᐃᒥᖅᑕᕐᕕᓪᓗ ᑕᐃᑲᓃᑦᑐᑦ ᐃᓘᓐᓇᖏᑦ.
ᐋᒃᑲ. Casino Royale-ᒥ ᐹᓐᑦ ᒪᕐᕉᖕᓄᑦ ᑕᓴᓐᓄᑦ ᐱᙳᐊᕈᑎᓕᐅᖅᑐᖅ. ᐱᙳᐊᕈᑏᑦ 19–36-ᒧᑦ, 13–18-ᒧᑦ ᓯᕉᒧᓪᓗ ᑭᖑᓂᐊᒍᑦ ᐊᑎᖓᓂᒃ ᑐᓂᔭᐅᓚᐅᖅᑐᑦ, ᐊᓯᐊᓄᑦ.
ᐄ. ᓴᖑᓯᒪᔪᖅ ᐊᒃᓴᓗᐊᖅ ᔮᒡᒐᐅᑉ ᒪᓐᑎ ᑳᓗᒥ ᐊᑐᖅᑕᖓᑦᑎᐊᖅ, ᖃᐅᔨᓴᕐᕕᐅᓪᓗ ᐃᓚᖓ ᖃᓄᖅ ᓇᓂᓯᔪᓐᓇᕐᒪᖔᑦ ᓇᓗᓇᐃᖅᓯᔪᖅ. ᐱᖓᓱᑦ ᖁᓕᑦ ᑕᐅᓴᓐ ᑖᓚᑦ ᐅᓂᒃᑳᑐᐊᕐᒥ ᐃᓚᐅᔪᑦ.
ᐃᓪᓗᕐᓇᖅᑐᖅ ᐊᔾᔨᓕᐊᖅ
ᐅᓂᒃᑳᓕᐅᖅᑏᑦ ᖃᐅᔨᒪᓚᐅᖅᑐᑦ. ᑕᒪᓐᓇ ᐃᑲᔪᓚᐅᙱᑦᑕᖏᑦ.
ᐱᕝᕕᒋᔭᐅᔪᑦ
- Lablée, J. La Roulette, ou le Jour.
- London, J. Smoke Bellew.
- Bass, T. A. The Eudaemonic Pie.
- Barnhart, R. T. Beating the Wheel.
- Kavanagh, T. M. Dice, Cards, Wheels: A Different History of French Culture.