ᐊᒃᓴᓗᐊᕐᒥᒃ ᐊᒃᓱᕈᕐᓇᖅᑐᒥᒃ ᓈᓴᐃᓂᖅ
ᑳᓯᓄᑉ ᐋᖅᑭᒃᓯᔨᖓ ᓱᓇᓂᒃ ᕿᒥᕐᕈᐃᒻᒪᖔᑦ, ᓱᓇᓂᒃ ᓴᓇᕐᕈᑎᓂᒃ ᐊᑐᐃᒻᒪᖔᑦ, ᖃᑦᓯᐊᓗᒃᑖᓪᓗ. ᐋᖅᑭᒃᓯᖃᑦᑕᕐᓂᖅ ᖃᓄᖅ ᐊᒃᓴᓗᐊᒥᒃ ᓈᒻᒪᒃᑐᐃᓐᓇᐅᑎᑦᓯᓂᕐᒧᑦ ᐃᑲᔪᕐᒪᖔᑦ.
ᐊᓪᓗᒃᓯᒪᙱᓐᓂᖓ, ᑲᐃᕙᖅᑐᐅᑉ ᐊᔾᔨᒌᒃᑐᒥᒃ ᐅᒃᑯᐃᓐᓂᖓ, ᐃᓂᑦ ᐃᑎᓂᖏᑦ ᐊᖏᓂᖏᓪᓗ, ᐃᓂᑦ ᐊᕕᒃᓯᒪᐅᑎᖏᑦ ᖁᑦᑎᓂᖏᑦ ᓴᙱᓂᖏᓪᓗ, ᐊᖅᓴᐅᑉ ᐊᖁᑎᖓᑕ ᐊᑐᓗᐊᖅᓯᒪᓂᖓ, ᐊᖅᓴᐅᑉ ᓇᒻᒥᓂᖅᓯᐅᑎᖏᑦᐊᑐᖅᑕᐅᔪᑦᐊᖅᓴᐅᑉ ᓇᒻᒥᓂᖅᓯᐅᑎᖓᓴᕕᒻᒥᒃ ᓴᓇᓯᒪᔪᑦ ᐊᑉᐱᕆᒐᒃᓴᐃᑦ ᐊᒃᓴᓗᐊᑉ ᐊᑖᓃᑦᑐᑦ ᐊᑕᐅᓯᖓ, ᐊᑦᑎᖅᑐᖅ ᐊᖅᓴᖅ ᓇᒻᒥᓂᖅᓯᔭᖅᑎᑕᖏᑦ. ᐊᓯᐊᓂ ᐊᑎᖏᑦ: ᕿᔭᖅᐸᒃ, ᓯᑕᒪᐅᓕᐊᖅ, ᑭᑦᑐᖅᓯᐅᑎ.ᐃᓘᓐᓇᖓ ᐅᖃᓕᒫᕐᓗᒍ → ᖃᓄᐃᓐᓂᖏᓪᓗ. ᕿᒥᕐᕈᔭᐅᖃᑦᑕᖅᑐᑦ ᐸᕐᓇᒃᑕᐅᓯᒪᔪᒥᒃ ᐊᓪᓗᒃᓯᒪᓂᕐᒥᒃ ᓈᓴᐅᑎᒧᑦ, ᓈᓴᐅᑎᓂᒃ ᑕᑯᓐᓇᐅᑎᓕᖕᓂᒃ, ᐅᒃᑯᐃᓐᓂᕐᒥᒃ ᓈᓴᐅᑎᒧᑦ, ᑎᑎᕋᕐᕕᒻᒧᓪᓗ. ᑲᐃᕙᖅᑐᐃᑦ ᐊᒃᓴᓗᐊᑉ ᐃᓪᓗᐊᓂ ᐊᓯᔾᔨᖅᑕᐅᖃᑦᑕᖅᑐᑦ, ᑕᐃᒪ ᐊᑲᐅᙱᓕᐅᕈᑎ ᐊᑕᐅᓯᕐᒥ ᐱᙳᐊᕐᕕᒻᒥ ᐃᓂᖃᐃᓐᓇᙱᑦᑐᖅ.
ᓱᒻᒪᑦ ᓈᓴᐃᓂᖅ
ᐊᒃᓴᓗᐊᖅ ᓴᓇᕐᕈᑎᐅᔪᖅ, ᓴᓇᕐᕈᑏᓪᓗ ᐊᑐᓗᐊᖅᐸᒃᑐᑦ. ᐊᒃᓴᓗᐊᖅ ᒥᑭᔪᐊᓗᒃᒥᒃ ᐊᓪᓗᒃᓯᒪᔪᖅ ᐊᖅᓴᒥᒃᐊᑐᖅᑕᐅᔪᑦᐊᖅᓴᖅᒥᑭᔪᖅ ᐊᖅᓴᖅ ᐊᖁᑎᖓᓂ ᑲᐃᕙᖅᑐᑉ ᐊᑉᐱᖓᓄᑦ ᐃᒋᑕᐅᔪᖅ. ᒫᓐᓇᐅᔪᖅ ᐊᖅᓵᑦ ᐃᕗᕆᓐ ᐅᕝᕙᓘᓐᓃᑦ ᑎᕙᓚᓐ, 18–21 mm.ᐃᓘᓐᓇᖓ ᐅᖃᓕᒫᕐᓗᒍ → ᖁᑦᑎᓂᖅᓴᒥᑦ ᓴᓂᖓᓂᑦ ᐃᒡᓗᑎᑦᓯᓂᖅᓴᐅᕙᒃᑐᖅ; ᐃᓂᑦ ᐊᕕᒃᓯᒪᐅᑎᖓᐊᑐᖅᑕᐅᔪᑦᐃᓂᑦ ᐊᕕᒃᓯᒪᐅᑎᖓᓴᕕᒻᒥᒃ ᐊᕕᒃᓯᒪᐅᑎ ᐊᒃᓴᓗᐊᕐᒥ ᐃᓂᒃ ᒪᕐᕉᒃ ᐊᑯᓐᓂᖓᓂ.ᐃᓘᓐᓇᖓ ᐅᖃᓕᒫᕐᓗᒍ → ᓴᙱᓐᓂᖏᓕᓯᒪᔪᖅ ᓴᓂᐊᓂ ᓂᓪᓕᐅᑉᐸᓂᖓᓂᒃ ᐊᓯᔾᔨᖅᓯᔪᖅ; ᐊᑐᓗᐊᖅᓯᒪᔪᖅ ᐊᖅᓴᐅᑉ ᐊᖁᑎᖓᐊᑐᖅᑕᐅᔪᑦᐊᖅᓴᐅᑉ ᐊᖁᑎᖓᐊᒃᓴᓗᐊᑉ ᓯᓈᓂ ᐃᑳᕐᕕᒃ ᐊᖅᓴᐅᑉ ᐊᖁᑎᖓ ᓱᒃᑲᐃᓕᓐᓂᓐᓂᓂ ᐊᑦᑎᖅᑎᓐᓇᒍᓗ. ᐊᓯᐊᓂ ᐊᑎᖓ: ᖁᓛᓃᑦᑐᖅ ᐊᖁᑎ.ᐃᓘᓐᓇᖓ ᐅᖃᓕᒫᕐᓗᒍ → ᐃᒡᓗᕝᕕᒃᓴᒥᒃ ᐱᑕᖃᖅᑎᑦᓯᔪᖅ. ᑕᒪᒃᑯᐊ ᐊᑐᓂ ᐱᐅᓯᑐᖃᕐᒥ ᐊᑐᖅᑕᐅᓯᒪᔪᑦ. ᒫᓐᓇᐅᔪᑦ ᑳᓯᓄᑦ ᐊᒃᓴᓗᐊᒥᒃ ᓈᓴᐃᕙᒃᑐᑦ, ᐊᓯᐊ ᐃᓕᐅᕐᓂᐊᕐᒪᑦ ᐱᙳᐊᖅᑎ ᑎᑎᕋᐅᔭᐅᑎᓕᒃ ᓯᕗᓪᓕᐅᓪᓗᓂ ᓈᓴᐃᓂᒃᑯᑦ ᓈᓴᕐᓂᐊᕐᒪᒍ. ᒥᑭᔪᑦ ᐊᓪᓗᒃᓯᒪᓂᖏᑦ ᐱᒻᒪᕆᐅᓂᖅᓴᐅᔪᑦ ᑕᑯᓐᓇᓂᖏᓐᓂᑦ: ᑐᐊᑉ (Thorp) 1969-ᒥ ᓈᓴᓚᐅᖅᑐᖅ 0.2 ᑎᒍᕆ ᑭᒃᑯᓐᓇᖅ ᐊᓪᓗᒃᓯᒪᓂᖅ ᐊᖅᓴᒥᒃ ᐊᖁᑎᖓᓂᒃ ᖃᓂᒋᔮᓄᑦ 30% ᐊᓃᖅᑕᐅᓂᐅᑉ ᓴᓂᐊᒍᑦ ᖁᑦᑎᓂᖅᓴᒥ ᐊᓂᑎᑦᓯᙱᓐᓂᐊᕐᒪᑦ, ᑕᐃᒪ ᐃᒡᓗᓐᓂᖓ ᓇᐅᓐᓂ ᐱᒋᐊᕈᓐᓇᕐᒪᖔᑦ ᑐᑭᒃᑕᖅᑕᐅᓪᓗᓂ (ᐃᑉᔅᑕᐃᓐ (Epstein), 2013).
ᓱᓇ ᕿᒥᕐᕈᔭᐅᕙᒻᒪᖔᑦ
ᖃᑦᓯᐊᓗᒃᑖᖅ
ᐊᓪᓗᒃᓯᒪᓂᖓ ᕿᒥᕐᕈᔭᐅᕙᒃᑐᖅ ᐃᖅᑲᓇᐃᔮᕈᓯᑕᒫᖅ ᐅᕝᕙᓗ ᐅᓪᓗᑕᒫᖅ, ᓱᒃᑲᐃᑦᑐᒥᒃ ᕿᒥᕐᕈᔭᐅᔪᓐᓇᕐᒪᑦ ᓇᑎᐃᓪᓗ ᐊᐅᓚᑦᑕᕐᒪᑕ. ᑲᐃᕙᖅᑐᐅᑉᐊᑐᖅᑕᐅᔪᑦᑲᐃᕙᖅᑐᖅᐊᒃᓴᓗᐊᑉ ᑲᐃᕙᖅᑐᖅ ᐃᓚᖓ ᐃᓂᓂᒃ ᐃᓗᓕᓕᒃ.ᐃᓘᓐᓇᖓ ᐅᖃᓕᒫᕐᓗᒍ → ᐅᒃᑯᐃᓐᓂᖓ ᓄᖅᑲᖅᐸᓪᓕᐊᓂᖓᓪᓗ ᐱᓇᓱᐊᕈᓯᑕᒫᖅ ᑕᖅᑭᑕᒫᕐᓗ ᐊᑯᓐᓂᖓᓂ. ᐃᓂᑦᐊᑐᖅᑕᐅᔪᑦᐃᓂᑲᐃᕙᖅᑐᒥ 37 ᓈᓴᐅᑎᓕᑦ ᐃᓂᑦ ᐊᑕᐅᓯᖓ. ᐊᓯᐊᓂ ᐊᑎᖏᑦ: ᐃᓂᒋᐊᖅ, ᖃᓪᓗᐊᖅ.ᐃᓘᓐᓇᖓ ᐅᖃᓕᒫᕐᓗᒍ → ᐊᕕᒃᓯᒪᐅᑎᖏᓪᓗ ᓈᓴᖅᑕᐅᓂᖏᑦ ᑕᖅᑭᑕᒫᖅ ᐱᖓᓱᓂ ᑕᖅᑭᓂ ᐊᑕᐅᑦᑎᒃᑯᓪᓗ ᐊᑯᓐᓂᖓᓂ, ᐊᑐᓗᐊᖅᑕᐅᔪᓂ ᐊᒃᓴᓗᐊᓂ ᐊᒥᓲᓂᖅᓴᐅᓪᓗᑎᒃ. ᐃᓘᓐᓇᖏᑦ ᑎᑎᕋᖅᑕᐅᕙᒃᑐᑦ, ᑎᑎᕋᕐᕕᓪᓗ ᒪᓕᒐᓕᕆᔩᑦ ᐱᕆᖅᑕᖓ. ᑕᑯᔭᐅᔪᑦ ᐊᔾᔨᓕᐅᕐᕕᐃᑦ, ᐊᒃᓴᓗᐊᖏᑦ 24 ᐃᑲᕐᕋᓂ ᐊᐅᓚᔪᑦ, ᓈᓴᐃᓂᖅᓴᐅᕙᒃᑐᑦ ᑳᓯᓄᓂᑦ.
ᐊᓪᓗᒃᓯᒪᓂᕐᒥᒃ ᕿᒥᕐᕈᐃᓂᖅ. ᐊᖅᓴᖅ ᕿᒥᕐᕈᔭᐅᔪᖅ, ᐊᒥᓱᐊᓗᓐᓂ ᐊᓯᔾᔨᖅᑕᐅᕙᒃᓗᓂ.
ᑲᐃᕙᖅᑐᐅᑉ ᓄᖅᑲᖅᐸᓪᓕᐊᓂᖓ ᐃᑲᕐᕋᓕᐅᖅᑕᐅᔪᖅ; ᑲᐃᕙᕐᕕᖓ ᕿᒥᕐᕈᔭᐅᔪᖅ; ᐊᖅᓴᐅᑉ ᓇᒻᒥᓂᖅᓯᐅᑎᖏᑦ ᓴᙱᓂᖏᑦ ᕿᒥᕐᕈᔭᐅᔪᑦ.
ᑲᐃᕙᖅᑐᖅ ᐊᓯᐊᓄᑦ ᐊᒃᓴᓗᐊᑉ ᐃᓪᓗᐊᓄᑦ ᓅᑦᑕᐅᔪᖅ. ᐃᓂᑦ ᐊᕕᒃᓯᒪᐅᑎᖏᑦ ᐊᐅᓚᓂᖏᓐᓄᑦ ᕿᒥᕐᕈᔭᐅᔪᑦ.
ᐃᓂᑦ ᓈᓴᐅᑎᓂᒃ ᓈᓴᖅᑕᐅᔪᑦ; ᐃᓂᑦ ᐊᕕᒃᓯᒪᐅᑎᖏᑦ ᐊᖅᓴᐅᓪᓗ ᐊᖁᑎᖓ ᐊᑐᓗᐊᖅᓯᒪᓂᖏᓐᓄᑦ ᕿᒥᕐᕈᔭᐅᔪᑦ; ᐊᑐᓗᐊᖅᓯᒪᔪᑦ ᐊᓯᔾᔨᖅᑕᐅᔪᑦ.
ᐃᓘᓐᓇᖓ ᐃᓚᓯᒪᔪᑦ ᐊᕕᒃᑕᐅᓗᑎᒃ ᐅᕝᕙᓗ ᓴᓇᔨᐅᑉ ᐋᖅᑭᒃᓯᓂᖓ.
ᐊᐅᓚᑦᑎᔨᐅᑉ ᓇᒻᒥᓂᖅ ᑲᐃ-ᔅᑯᐃᐅ ᖃᐅᔨᓴᕈᑎᖓ ᑎᑎᕋᖅᑕᐅᓯᒪᔪᓂ ᐃᓱᓕᑉᐳᑎᓂ ᐸᕐᓇᒃᑕᐅᓯᒪᙱᑦᑐᒥᒃ ᕿᒥᕐᕈᐃᓂᕐᒥᒃ ᐱᒋᐊᖅᑎᑦᓯᔪᖅ.
ᑲᐃᕙᖅᑐᐃᑦ ᐊᓯᔾᔨᖅᑕᐅᓂᖏᑦ
ᑲᐃᕙᖅᑐᖅ (ᐊᒃᓴᓗᐊᑉ ᖁᓛᐊᑐᖅᑕᐅᔪᑦᐊᒃᓴᓗᐊᑉ ᖁᓛᑲᐃᕙᖅᑐᖅ ᐊᓯᐊᓂ ᐊᑎᖓ: ᑲᐃᕙᖅᑐᖅ ᐃᓚᖓ ᓈᓴᐅᑎᓕᒃ.ᐃᓘᓐᓇᖓ ᐅᖃᓕᒫᕐᓗᒍ →) ᐊᒃᓴᓗᐊᑉ ᐃᓪᓗᐊᓂᑦᐊᑐᖅᑕᐅᔪᑦᐊᒃᓴᓗᐊᑉ ᐃᓪᓗᐊᐊᒃᓴᓗᐊᑉ ᓯᓚᑖᓃᑦᑐᖅ ᐊᐅᓚᙱᑦᑐᖅ ᐃᓚᖓ: ᕿᔪᒻᒥᒃ ᐅᕝᕙᓘᓐᓃᑦ ᐊᓯᖏᓐᓂᒃ ᓴᓇᓯᒪᔪᖅ ᓯᓈ ᐊᖅᓴᐅᑉ ᐊᖁᑎᖓᓂᒃ ᐊᒃᓴᓗᐊᑉ ᐊᑖᓂᒡᓗ ᑎᒍᒥᐊᖅᑐᖅ, ᐃᓗᐊᓂ ᑲᐃᕙᖅᑐᖅ ᑲᐃᕙᖅᑐᖅ.ᐃᓘᓐᓇᖓ ᐅᖃᓕᒫᕐᓗᒍ → ᖁᒻᒧᐊᖅᑕᐅᔪᓐᓇᖅᑐᖅ. ᑳᓯᓄᑦ ᑲᐃᕙᖅᑐᓂᒃ ᐃᓪᓗᐊᓂᑦ ᐊᓯᐊᓄᑦ ᓅᑦᑎᕆᕙᒃᑐᑦ ᐸᕐᓇᒃᑕᐅᓯᒪᔪᒥᒃ, ᑕᐃᒪ ᑲᐃᕙᖅᑐᒥ ᐊᑲᐅᙱᓕᐅᕈᑎ ᓄᑖᒧᑦ ᐱᙳᐊᕐᕕᒻᒧᑦ ᒪᓕᒃᑐᖅ, ᐃᓪᓗᐊᓂᓗ ᐊᑲᐅᙱᓕᐅᕈᑎ (ᐊᓪᓗᒃᓯᒪᓂᖅ, ᐊᖁᑎ) ᓄᑖᒥᒃ ᑲᐃᕙᖅᑐᖃᓕᖅᑐᖅ. ᓴᖑᓯᒪᓂᕐᒥᒃ ᐱᙳᐊᖅᑎ 10,000 ᑲᐃᕙᕐᓂᕐᓂᒃ ᑎᑎᕋᖅᓯᒪᔪᖅ ᐱᙳᐊᕐᕕᒻᒥ ᐱᖓᓲᔪᖅᑐᓂᒃ ᓈᓴᐅᑎᓕᒻᒥ ᓇᓂᓯᔪᖅ ᓈᓴᖅᓯᒪᔭᖓ ᐊᒃᓴᓗᐊᖅ ᒫᓐᓇ ᐱᙳᐊᕐᕕᒻᒥ ᒪᕐᕉᓐᓂᒃ ᓈᓴᐅᑎᓕᒻᒥ ᐃᓂᖃᓕᕐᒪᑦ, ᐊᓯᐊᓂᒃ ᐊᖁᑎᖃᖅᓗᓂ, ᑎᑎᕋᖅᓯᒪᔭᖏᓪᓗ ᐱᑕᖃᕈᓐᓃᖅᑐᒥᒃ ᑲᑎᓯᒪᔪᓂᒃ ᐅᖃᐅᓯᖃᖅᑐᑦ. ᑕᒪᓐᓇ ᐱᐅᓯᖅ, ᑳᓯᓄᑦ ᓴᖑᓯᒪᓂᕐᒥᒃ ᐱᙳᐊᖅᑎᓄᑦ ᑭᐅᔾᔪᑎᖏᑦ ᔮᒡᒐᒥᑦ ᐱᒋᐊᖅᓗᓂ, ᓴᖑᓯᒪᓂᕐᒥᒃ ᐱᙳᐊᕐᓂᖅ ᐃᓱᓕᑦᑎᓂᖅᓴᐅᓚᐅᖅᑐᖅ ᓈᓴᐃᓂᒃᑯᑦ ᖃᐅᔨᓴᕐᓂᕐᓂᑦ ᐃᓘᓐᓇᖏᓐᓂᑦ.
ᓈᓴᐃᓂᒃᑯᑦ ᑕᑯᓐᓇᕐᓂᖅ
ᑳᓯᓄᑦ ᐊᔾᔨᓕᐅᕐᕕᐃᓪᓗ ᑕᐃᑦᓱᒥᖓ ᑲᐃ-ᔅᑯᐃᐅ ᖃᐅᔨᓴᕈᑎᒥᒃᖃᐅᔨᓴᕐᕕᒃᑲᐃ-ᔅᑯᐃᐅ ᖃᐅᔨᓴᕈᑎᓈᓴᐃᓂᒃᑯᑦ ᖃᐅᔨᓴᕈᑎ ᐃᓂ ᐊᑐᓂ ᑕᑯᔭᐅᓯᒪᔪᑦ ᐊᔪᒐᐅᑎᑦ n/37-ᒥᒃ ᓂᕆᐅᒋᔭᐅᔪᒥᒃ ᐊᔾᔨᒌᙱᓐᓂᖏᓐᓂᒃ ᖃᐅᔨᓴᖅᑐᖅ. ᐊᒃᓴᓗᐊᖅ ᓴᖑᓯᒪᒻᒪᖔᑦ ᖃᐅᔨᓂᕐᒧᑦ ᐊᑐᖅᑕᐅᔪᖅ.ᐃᓘᓐᓇᖓ ᐅᖃᓕᒫᕐᓗᒍ → ᖃᐅᔨᓴᕐᕕᐅᑉ ᓇᓗᓇᐃᖅᓯᔭᖓᓂᒃ ᐊᑐᐃᕙᒃᑐᑦ ᓇᒻᒥᓂᖅ ᑎᑎᕋᖅᓯᒪᔭᖏᓐᓂ ᐃᓱᓕᑉᐳᑎᓂ, ᓄᖅᑲᖃᑦᑕᙱᑦᑐᒥᒃ, ᑎᑎᕋᖅᑕᐅᓯᒪᔪᓂᒃ ᐱᙳᐊᖅᑎᐅᑉ ᑲᑎᖅᓱᐃᔪᓐᓇᖅᑕᖓᓂᑦ ᐊᒥᓱᓂᖅᓴᐅᔪᐊᓗᓐᓂᒃ. ᐊᒃᓴᓗᐊᖅ ᐊᓯᑦᑐᖅᐸᓪᓕᐊᔪᖅ ᓇᓗᓇᐃᒃᑯᑕᐅᑎᑕᐅᕙᒃᑐᖅ ᕿᒥᕐᕈᔭᐅᓪᓗᓂᓗ, ᓯᓚᑖᓂᑦ ᐃᓄᒻᒧᑦ ᖃᐅᔨᔭᐅᔪᓐᓇᖅᑐᒥᒃ ᑲᐃᕙᕐᓂᖃᓚᐅᖏᓐᓂᖓᓂ. ᐊᐅᓚᑦᑎᔨ ᓴᖑᓯᒪᓂᕐᒥᒃ ᕿᓂᖅᑎᐅᔪᖅ ᐱᓕᕆᔾᔪᑎᓕᒻᒪᕆᐅᓂᖅᐹᖅ ᐃᓪᓗᒥ, ᐱᔾᔪᑎᖃᓂᖅᐹᖑᓪᓗᓂᓗ.
ᐊᐱᖅᑯᑏᑦ
ᐋᒃᑲ. ᒪᓕᒐᓕᕆᔩᑦ ᑕᑯᔪᓐᓇᖅᑐᑦ.
ᐋᒃᑲ. ᐊᒃᓴᓗᐊᖃᙱᑦᑐᖅ.
ᓴᓇᔨᑦ ᑭᒡᓕᖏᓐᓂᒃ ᓇᓗᓇᐃᖅᓯᕙᒃᑐᑦ ᒥᓕᒥᑕᐅᑉ ᐃᓚᖏᓐᓂᒃ ᐃᓂᓄᑦ, ᑎᒍᕆᐅᑉ ᖁᓕᒋᓕᖏᓐᓂᒡᓗ ᐊᓪᓗᒃᓯᒪᓂᕐᒧᑦ. ᑭᒡᓕᐅᑉ ᓯᓚᑖᓃᑦᑐᑦ ᐋᖅᑭᒃᑕᐅᕙᒃᑐᑦ.
ᐃᓪᓗᕐᓇᖅᑐᖅ ᐊᔾᔨᓕᐊᖅ
ᑳᓯᓄ ᐊᒃᓴᓗᐊᒥᒃ ᓈᓴᐃᕙᒃᑐᖅ ᐃᓕᖓ ᓈᓴᐃᔪᓐᓇᙱᓐᓂᐊᕐᒪᑦ.
ᐱᕝᕕᒋᔭᐅᔪᑦ
- Barnhart, R. T. Beating the Wheel.
- UK Gambling Commission. Remote gambling and software technical standards.
- Malta Gaming Authority. Gaming Devices Regulations and technical directives.
- Epstein, R. A. The Theory of Gambling and Statistical Logic, 2nd ed.