ᒪᓐᑎ ᑳᓗ ᕉᓚᑦ
ᑳᓯᓄ ᒐᕙᒪᕋᓛᒥᒃ ᐊᑕᐅᓯᖅ ᓯᕉ ᐊᒃᓴᓗᐊᖓᑕ ᐊᖏᕐᕋᖓᓄᑦ ᐊᓯᑦᑐᖅᓯᔪᖅ.
1863-ᒥ ᕗᕋᓐᓱᐊ ᐳᓛᓐ (François Blanc) ᐊᐅᓚᑦᓯᔨᐅᑎᓪᓗᒍ ᐅᒃᑯᐃᖅᑕᐅᔪᖅ, ᒪᓐᑎ ᑳᓗ ᑳᓯᓄ (Casino de Monte-Carlo) ᐃᐅᕌᐸ ᐊᒃᓴᓗᐊᖓᓂᒃ ᐃᐅᕌᐸ ᓄᓇᖓᓂ ᐊᑐᒐᔪᒃᑕᐅᓕᖅᑎᑦᓯᔪᖅ ᕉᓚᑦᒧᓪᓗ ᐅᓂᒃᑳᑦ ᑐᓴᐅᒪᔭᐅᓛᖑᔪᑦ ᑐᓂᓯᔪᖅ, ᔮᒡᒐ ᓴᖑᓯᒪᔪᒥᒃ ᐊᒃᓴᓗᐊᖓᓂᑦ 1913-ᒥ 26 ᕿᕐᓂᖅᑐᓄᑦ.
ᓱᒻᒪᑦ ᒪᓇᑯ
1850-ᖏᓐᓂ ᒪᓇᑯ ᐅᔭᕋᒐᓴᐃᑦ ᐊᔪᖅᓴᓕᖅᓯᒪᔪᑦ ᑲᒪᒃᑎᓕᒃ, ᑲᒪᒃᑎᐅᑉ ᐃᓪᓗᐊᓂᒃ ᐱᓕᕆᕝᕕᖃᙱᑦᑐᖅᓗ. ᑮᓇᐅᔭᓂᒃ ᐱᙳᐊᕐᓂᖅ ᔮᒪᓂ ᒐᕙᒪᖏᓐᓂ ᐱᔭᐅᔪᓐᓇᐃᖅᑎᑕᐅᓕᖅᑐᖅ, ᑕᐅᕙᓂ ᐃᒥᖅᑕᕐᕕᖕᓂ ᑳᓯᓅᑦ ᐱᕙᓪᓕᐊᑦᑎᐊᓚᐅᖅᓯᒪᔪᑦ. ᑲᒪᒃᑎ ᓵᓪᔅ (Charles III) 1856-ᒥ ᑳᓯᓄᓕᕆᓂᕐᒧᑦ ᐱᔪᓐᓇᐅᑎᒥᒃ ᑐᓂᓯᔪᖅ; ᓯᕗᓪᓕᖅᐹᑦ ᐱᓇᓱᐊᕈᑏᑦ ᐊᔪᖅᑐᑦ ᓄᓇᒃᑯᑦ ᐃᖏᕐᕋᕝᕕᖃᙱᒻᒪᑦ ᐊᖁᑎᖃᙱᒻᒪᓪᓗ. ᕗᕋᓐᓱᐊ ᐳᓛᓐ, ᐹᑦ ᕼᐊᒻᐳᕐᒡᒥᒃ ᑐᓴᐅᒪᔭᐅᓕᖅᑎᑦᓯᓯᒪᔪᖅ, 1863-ᒥ ᐱᔪᓐᓇᐅᑎᒥᒃ ᓂᐅᕕᖅᑐᖅ, Société des Bains de Mer ᓴᓇᔪᖅ, ᓃᔅᒥᑦ ᓄᓇᒃᑯᑦ ᐃᖏᕐᕋᕝᕕᖕᒥᒃ ᐱᖁᔨᓇᓱᒃᑐᖅ, ᓄᓇᓕᐅᑉ ᓄᑖᖅ ᐃᓚᖓᓂᒃ ᒪᓐᑎ ᑳᓗᒥᒃ ᑲᒪᒃᑎᐅᑉ ᐊᑎᖓᓂᒃ ᐊᑎᖅᑖᖅᑎᑦᓯᔪᖅ. ᑳᓯᓄ ᒐᕙᒪᒥᒃ ᑮᓇᐅᔭᓕᐅᖅᓯᑦᑎᐊᖅᑐᖅ ᐃᓂᑦᑎᐊᕐᓂᕐᒧᑦ ᑖᒃᓯ 1869-ᒥ ᐲᖅᑕᐅᓪᓗᓂ ᐅᑎᕐᓂᑯᐅᓐᖏᑦᑐᖅ.
ᐊᑕᐅᓯᖅ ᓯᕉ ᒪᓕᒐᐅᓪᓗᓂ
ᐳᓛᓐ ᐊᑕᐅᓯᕐᒥᒃ ᓯᕉᓕᒻᒥᒃᐊᒃᓴᓗᐊᖅᓯᕉᐊᑕᐅᓯᖅ ᐅᔾᔪᐊᕌᔭᒃ ᐃᓂ ᐊᔾᔨᒌᒃᑐᒥᒃ ᐊᑭᓕᐅᑎᓕᖕᓄᑦ, ᑕᓴᓐᓄᑦ ᓇᑉᐸᖅᑐᓄᓪᓘᓐᓃᑦ ᐱᙳᐊᕈᑏᑦ ᐃᓚᐅᑎᙱᑕᖓ; ᑳᓯᓅᑉ ᐃᓚᖓᑕ ᐱᓇᓪᓗᑎᖓ. ᐊᓯᐊᓂ ᐊᑎᖏᑦ: ᐊᑕᐅᓯᖅ ᓯᕉ, 0.ᐃᓘᓐᓇᖓ ᐅᖃᓕᒫᕐᓗᒍ → ᐊᒃᓴᓗᐊᒥᒃ ᕼᐊᒻᐳᕐᒡᒥᑦ ᑎᑭᐅᑎᔪᖅ. ᒪᓐᑎ ᑳᓗᒥ ᐊᔪᕆᐅᖃᑎᒌᓐᓂᕐᒧᑦ ᐸᕐᓇᐅᑎᐅᙱᑦᑐᖅ ᐊᑐᒐᔪᒃᑕᐅᔪᖅ: ᐱᙳᐊᕐᕖᑦ ᑕᒪᕐᒥᒃ, ᐅᓪᓗᑕᒫᑦ. ᐃᐅᕌᐸ ᐃᓘᓐᓇᖓᓂᑦ ᐱᙳᐊᖅᑏᑦ ᒪᓐᑎ ᑳᓗ ᕉᓚᑦᒥᒃ 2.70%-ᒥ ᐃᓕᑦᑐᖅᑐᑦ ᐊᓯᖏᓐᓂᓗ ᓂᕆᐅᒃᑐᑦ, ᑕᐃᒪᓐᓇᓗ ᒪᕐᕉᒃ ᓯᕉᐊᔾᔨᒋᙱᑦᑐᖅᒪᕐᕉᒃ ᓯᕉᐊᒥᐊᓕᑲ ᐊᒃᓴᓗᐊᖓᑕ 00 ᐃᓂᖓ. ᐱᑕᖃᕐᓂᖓ ᑳᓯᓅᑉ ᐃᓚᖓᓂᒃ ᖁᕝᕙᓯᑎᑦᓯᔪᖅ 2.70%-ᒥᑦ 5.26%-ᒧᑦ.ᐃᓘᓐᓇᖓ ᐅᖃᓕᒫᕐᓗᒍ → ᐊᑐᖅᑕᐅᑐᐃᓐᓇᖅᑐᖅ ᒪᓐᑎ ᑳᓗᐅᑉ ᐊᑐᒐᔪᒃᑕᓕᐅᖅᓯᒪᙱᑕᖏᓐᓂ ᑐᐊᖅ.
ᒪᓇᑯᒥ ᓯᕗᓪᓕᖅᐹᖅ ᑳᓯᓄᓕᕆᓂᕐᒧᑦ ᐱᔪᓐᓇᐅᑎ. ᐊᔪᖅᑐᖅ: ᐊᖁᑎᖃᙱᑦᑐᖅ, ᓄᓇᒃᑯᑦ ᐃᖏᕐᕋᕝᕕᖃᙱᑦᑐᖅ, ᐱᙳᐊᖅᑏᑦ ᐊᒥᖅᑯᑦ.
ᕗᕋᓐᓱᐊ ᐳᓛᓐ ᐊᐅᓚᑦᓯᓕᖅᑐᖅ. Société des Bains de Mer ᐱᒋᐊᖅᑎᑕᐅᔪᖅ.
ᓃᔅᒥᑦ ᓄᓇᒃᑯᑦ ᐃᖏᕐᕋᕝᕕᒃ ᐅᒃᑯᐃᖅᑕᐅᔪᖅ. ᐳᓛᕆᐊᖅᑏᑦ ᐅᓄᖅᑐᑦ ᑎᑭᑦᑐᑦ.
ᒪᓇᑯᒥ ᐃᓂᑦᑎᐊᕐᓂᕐᒧᑦ ᑖᒃᓯ ᐲᖅᑕᐅᔪᖅ.
ᔪᓯᕝ ᔮᒡᒐ (Joseph Jagger) ᐊᒃᓴᓗᐊᓂ ᓴᖑᓯᒪᓂᕐᒥᒃ ᓇᓂᓯᔪᖅ ᐊᒥᓱᓂᒡᓗ ᑮᓇᐅᔭᓂᒃ ᐊᔪᒐᖅᑐᖅ; ᑳᓯᓄ ᐊᒃᓴᓗᐊᒥᓂᒃ ᓅᑦᑎᖅᓯᔪᖅ, ᑭᖑᓂᖓᓂ ᐊᓯᖏᓐᓂᒃ ᐃᓕᔾᔪᐃᔪᖅ.
ᓵᓪᔅ ᐅᐊᓪᔅ (Charles Wells) ᐅᓪᓗᓂ ᐊᒥᖅᑯᓂ ᐊᒥᓱᐊᖅᑐᒥᒃ “ᑳᓯᓅᑉ ᑮᓇᐅᔭᖏᓐᓂᒃ ᐃᓱᓕᑦᑎᔪᖅ”, ᐃᓗᓕᐅᖅᓯᒪᓂᒃᑯᑦ ᐸᕐᓇᐅᑎᒥᓪᓗ ᓇᓗᓇᐃᖅᓯᓐᓂᑯᐅᙱᑕᖓᓂᒃ.
26 ᕿᕐᓂᖅᑐᑦ ᑐᓪᓕᖅᑐᑦ. ᐱᙳᐊᖅᑎᐅᑉ ᐃᓱᒪᒋᓗᐊᖅᑕᖓ ᐊᓯᐊᓂᒃ ᐊᑎᖅᑖᖅᑐᖅ.
ᒪᓐᑎ ᑳᓗ ᑳᓯᓄ ᕆᕕᐊᕋᒥ ᑮᓇᐅᔭᓂᒃ ᐱᙳᐊᕐᓂᕐᒥᒃ ᐊᑕᐅᓯᐅᓪᓗᓂ ᐊᐅᓚᑦᓯᓂᕐᒥᒃ ᐊᓯᐅᔾᔨᔪᖅ ᕖᓇᓯ ᑳᓯᓅᖏᑦ ᒪᑐᐃᖅᑕᐅᐊᓘᕐᒪᑕ.
ᑳᓯᓅᑉ ᑮᓇᐅᔭᖏᓐᓂᒃ ᐃᓱᓕᑦᑎᓂᖅ
ᒪᓐᑎ ᑳᓗᒥ ᕉᓚᑦ ᐱᙳᐊᕐᕖᑦ ᑕᒪᕐᒥᒃ ᑮᓇᐅᔭᓂᒃ ᐱᑕᖃᖅᑐᑦ, “ᑮᓇᐅᔭᓕᕆᕝᕕᒃ”. ᐱᙳᐊᖅᑎ ᑖᔅᓱᒥᖓ ᐊᔪᒐᕐᓂᖅᓴᐅᑉᐸᑦ, ᐱᙳᐊᕐᕕᒃ ᕿᕐᓂᖅᑐᒥᒃᐱᙳᐊᕈᑎᕿᕐᓂᖅᑐᖅᐊᔾᔨᒌᒃᑐᒥᒃ ᐊᑭᓕᐅᑎᓕᒃ ᐱᙳᐊᕈᑎ 18 ᕿᕐᓂᖅᑐᓄᑦ ᓈᓴᐅᑎᓄᑦ. ᕖᓇᓯᑐᑦ: ᓄᐊᕐ (noir).ᐃᓘᓐᓇᖓ ᐅᖃᓕᒫᕐᓗᒍ → ᐊᓐᓄᕌᓕᐊᒥᒃ ᐅᒥᓯᒪᑎᑕᐅᔪᖅ ᑮᓇᐅᔭᑦ ᐃᓚᒋᐊᖅᑕᐅᔪᑦ ᑎᑭᐅᑎᑕᐅᑎᓪᓗᒋᑦ: ᑮᓇᐅᔭᓕᕆᕝᕕᒃ “ᓱᕋᒃᑕᐅᔪᖅ”. ᑕᐃᒪᐃᑲᐃᓐᓇᖅᑐᖅ ᓂᐅᕕᖅᑎᑦᓯᓇᓱᐊᕈᑎᑦᑎᐊᕙᐅᓪᓗᓂᓗ; ᑳᓯᓄ ᑮᓇᐅᔭᓂᒃ ᐃᓘᓐᓇᖓᒍᑦ ᐊᓯᐅᔾᔨᓂᖓᓂᒃ ᑐᑭᖃᙱᑦᑐᖅ, ᐱᙳᐊᕐᕕᒃ ᐊᑕᐅᓯᖅ ᑮᓇᐅᔭᖏᓐᓂᒃ ᐃᓱᓕᑦᑎᓂᖓᓂᒃ ᑐᐊᖅ. ᓵᓪᔅ ᐅᐊᓪᔅ 1891-ᒥ ᐊᒥᓱᐊᖅᑐᒥᒃ ᑕᐃᒪᐃᓕᐅᖅᑐᖅ ᐊᔪᒐᕐᓃᑦ ᑐᓪᓕᖅᑐᑦ ᐱᓗᐊᖅᑐᑦ ᐱᔾᔪᑎᒋᓪᓗᒋᑦ, ᐃᖏᐊᕐᕕᖕᒥ ᐃᖏᕈᓯᐅᓕᖅᑐᖅ, ᑕᐃᑦᓱᒪᓗ ᐅᑭᐅᒥ ᐃᓚᖓᓂᒃ ᐊᓯᐅᔾᔨᐊᓘᖅᑐᖅ.
ᐅᓂᒃᑳᑦ
ᔪᓯᕝ ᔮᒡᒐ ᓴᖑᓯᒪᔪᖅ ᐊᒃᓴᓗᐊᖓᖃᐅᔨᓴᕐᕕᒃᓴᖑᓯᒪᔪᖅ ᐊᒃᓴᓗᐊᖅᐊᒃᓴᓗᐊᖅ ᓴᓇᓂᖓᑕ ᐊᑲᐅᙱᓐᓂᖏᑦ ᐃᓂᓂᒃ ᐃᓚᖏᓐᓂᒃ 1/37-ᒥᑦ ᐱᔪᓐᓇᕐᓂᖅᓴᐅᑎᑦᓯᔪᑦ. ᖃᐅᔨᔭᐅᑦᓯᐊᙱᑦᑐᖅ, ᑕᐅᓴᓐ ᐊᒥᓱᑦ ᑲᐃᕙᕐᓃᑦ ᑎᑎᕋᖅᑕᐅᓯᒪᒍᑎᒃ ᖃᐅᔨᔭᐅᔪᓐᓇᖅᑐᖅ.ᐃᓘᓐᓇᖓ ᐅᖃᓕᒫᕐᓗᒍ → (1880 ᖃᓂᒋᔮᓂ), ᐅᐊᓪᔅ (1891) 26 ᕿᕐᓂᖅᑐᓪᓗ (1913) ᑕᒪᕐᒥᒃ ᒫᓂ ᐱᓇᓱᐊᕐᕕᐅᔪᑦ, ᐊᑐᓂᓗ ᓇᒻᒥᓂᖅ ᒪᑉᐱᒐᖃᖅᑐᑦ. ᑳᓯᓅᑉ ᓂᐅᕕᖅᑎᑦᓯᓇᓱᐊᕐᓂᕐᒧᑦ ᐱᓕᕆᕝᕕᖓ, ᐃᓅᖃᑎᖏᓐᓂᑦ ᓯᕗᓂᐅᔪᖅ, ᑕᒪᒃᑯᐊ ᑕᒪᕐᒥᒃ ᓚᓐᑕᓐ ᑐᓴᒐᒃᓴᖏᓐᓂ ᐅᓂᒃᑳᖅᑕᐅᖁᓪᓗᒋᑦ ᐱᓕᕆᔪᖅ. ᐅᓂᒃᑳᑐᐊᖅ ᐃᓂᒥᒃ ᑮᓇᐅᔭᑦ ᐊᔪᒐᕐᕕᐅᔪᒥᒃ ᓄᓇᒃᑯᑦ ᐃᖏᕐᕋᕝᕕᒃᑯᑦ ᐃᖏᕐᕋᒍᑎᒃᓴᓂᒃ ᓂᐅᕕᖅᑕᐅᓂᖅᓴᐅᑎᑦᓯᔪᖅ 2.70%-ᒧᑦ ᓱᓕᔪᒥᒃ ᐅᓂᒃᑳᑐᐃᓐᓇᕐᓂᑦ.
ᒪᓐᑎ ᑳᓗ ᕉᓚᑦ ᐅᓪᓗᒥ
ᑳᓯᓄ ᐊᐅᓚᑦᑐᐃᓐᓇᖅᑐᖅ, ᕉᓚᑦᓗ ᐊᖏᓛᖑᔪᒥ ᐃᓂᒥ ᕿᑎᐊᓂᑐᐃᓐᓇᖅᑐᖅ, ᐊᑕᐅᓯᖅ ᓯᕉ ᐊᒃᓴᓗᐊᓂᒃ ᕖᓇᓯ ᒪᓕᒐᖏᓐᓂᓪᓗ (ᓚ ᐸᕐᑕᔾᒪᓕᒐᖅᓚ ᐸᕐᑕᔾᕖᓇᓯ ᒪᓕᒐᖓ: ᓯᕉ ᐊᔪᒐᖅᐸᑦ, ᐊᔾᔨᒌᒃᑐᒥᒃ ᐊᑭᓕᐅᑎᓕᒃ ᐱᙳᐊᕈᑎ ᑮᓇᐅᔭᖓᑕ ᕿᑎᖓ ᐅᑎᖅᑎᑕᐅᔪᖅ. ᑕᐃᒃᑯᓂ ᐱᙳᐊᕈᑏᓐᓂ ᑳᓯᓅᑉ ᐃᓚᖓ ᕿᑎᐊᓄᑦ ᒥᑭᓕᒋᐊᖅᑎᑕᐅᔪᖅ, 1.35%-ᒧᑦ.ᐃᓘᓐᓇᖓ ᐅᖃᓕᒫᕐᓗᒍ → ᐅᕝᕙᓘᓐᓃᑦ ᐊᓐ ᐳᕆᓴᓐᒪᓕᒐᖅᐊᓐ ᐳᕆᓴᓐᕖᓇᓯ ᒪᓕᒐᖓ: ᓯᕉ ᐊᔪᒐᖅᐸᑦ, ᐊᔾᔨᒌᒃᑐᒥᒃ ᐊᑭᓕᐅᑎᓕᒃ ᐱᙳᐊᕈᑎ ᐊᓯᐅᔾᔨᑕᐅᙱᑦᑐᖅ, ᑐᓪᓕᐊᓄᑦ ᑲᐃᕙᕐᓂᕐᒧᑦ ᑎᒍᒥᐊᖅᑕᐅᔪᖅ. ᑕᐃᒃᑯᓂ ᐱᙳᐊᕈᑏᓐᓂ ᑳᓯᓅᑉ ᐃᓚᖓᓂᒃ ᕿᑎᐊᓄᑦ ᒥᑭᓕᒋᐊᖅᑎᑦᓯᔪᖅ.ᐃᓘᓐᓇᖓ ᐅᖃᓕᒫᕐᓗᒍ → ᐊᔾᔨᒌᒃᑐᒥᒃ ᐊᑭᓕᐅᑎᓕᓐᓂ). Société des Bains de Mer ᑲᒪᒃᑎᑕᐅᑉ ᓄᓇᖓᓂ ᐱᓕᕆᕝᕕᐅᓛᖑᑐᐃᓐᓇᖅᑐᖅ. ᓈᓴᐃᓂᕐᒥ ᒪᓐᑎ ᑳᓗ ᐊᔾᔨᐅᖅᑕᐅᓂᖓ, ᐅᓚᒻ (Ulam) ᕙᓐ ᓄᐃᒪᓐᓗ (von Neumann) 1940-ᖏᓐᓂ ᑳᓯᓅᑉ ᐊᑎᖓᓂᒃ ᐊᑎᖅᑖᖅᑎᑕᖓᒃ, ᑖᓐᓇ ᐃᑦᑕᕐᓂᓴᓕᕆᕝᕕᒻᒥ ᐊᔾᔨᐅᖅᑕᐅᑏᑦ ᐊᐅᓚᑦᑎᔭᖓ.
ᐊᐱᖅᑯᑏᑦ
ᐋᒃᑲ. 19-ᖓᓂ ᐊᕐᕌᒍᐃᑦ ᑕᑕᑎᒐᖏᓐᓂᑦ ᐊᓪᓚᕝᕕᒋᔭᐅᓯᒪᔪᑦ; ᑳᓯᓄ ᐳᓛᕆᐊᖅᑐᓄᑦ ᐱᔪᖅ.
ᑭᖑᓂᐊᒍᑦ ᐅᓂᒃᑳᓂ ᐊᔾᔨᒌᒃᑐᒥᒃ ᐅᓂᒃᑳᖅᑕᐅᑲᐃᓐᓇᖅᑐᖅ; ᑳᓯᓅᑉ ᓇᒻᒥᓂᖅ ᑕᐃᑦᓱᒪᓂ ᑎᑎᕋᖅᓯᒪᔭᖏᑦ ᑕᑯᔅᓴᐅᑎᑕᐅᙱᑦᑐᑦ. ᐱᔪᓐᓇᕐᓂᖓᓈᓴᐃᓂᖅᐱᔪᓐᓇᕐᓂᖅᐱᓐᓂᐅᑉ ᐱᔪᓐᓇᕐᓂᖓ, 0-ᒥᑦ 1-ᒧᑦ ᐅᕝᕙᓘᓐᓃᑦ 0%-ᒥᑦ 100%-ᒧᑦ. ᓈᓴᐅᑎ ᐊᑕᐅᓯᖅ: 1/37 = 2.70%.ᐃᓘᓐᓇᖓ ᐅᖃᓕᒫᕐᓗᒍ → ᑕᐃᒪᐃᓐᓂᖓᓄᑦ ᓈᒻᒪᒃᑐᖅ ᓇᓃᑐᐃᓐᓇᖅ ᐊᕐᕌᒍᓂ ᑕᓪᓕᒪᓂᒃ ᖁᓖᓂᒃ ᐱᙳᐊᖅᑕᐅᓂᖓᓂ.
ᓯᑕᓂᔅᓚᕝ ᐅᓚᒻ (Stanislaw Ulam) ᐊᑲᖓ ᑕᐅᕙᓂ ᑮᓇᐅᔭᓂᒃ ᐱᙳᐊᖅᐸᒃᑐᖅ; ᐊᑎᖓ ᒪᓐᕼᐊᑕᓐ ᐸᕐᓇᐅᑎᖓᓂ (Manhattan Project) ᐃᔨᖅᓯᒪᔪᑦ ᐅᖃᐅᓯᖏᑦ ᓇᓕᐊᑐᐃᓐᓇᓂᒃ ᓇᓚᐅᑦᑖᕐᓂᕐᒧᑦ.
ᐃᓪᓗᕐᓇᖅᑐᖅ ᐊᔾᔨᓕᐊᖅ
ᑮᓇᐅᔭᓕᕆᕝᕕᒃ ᐊᒥᓱᐊᖅᑐᒥᒃ ᓱᕋᒃᑕᐅᔪᖅ. ᑳᓯᓄ ᖃᖓᓕᒫᖅ ᐊᑦᑕᓇᙱᑦᑐᖅ.
ᐱᕝᕕᒋᔭᐅᔪᑦ
- Schwartz, D. G. Roll the Bones: The History of Gambling.
- Barnhart, R. T. Beating the Wheel.
- Kavanagh, T. M. Dice, Cards, Wheels: A Different History of French Culture.