ᕗᕋᓐᓱᐊ ᐳᓛᓐ
ᐊᐅᓚᑦᓯᔨ ᒪᕐᕉᒃ ᓯᕉᒥᒃᐊᔾᔨᒋᙱᑦᑐᖅᒪᕐᕉᒃ ᓯᕉᐊᒥᐊᓕᑲ ᐊᒃᓴᓗᐊᖓᑕ 00 ᐃᓂᖓ. ᐱᑕᖃᕐᓂᖓ ᑳᓯᓅᑉ ᐃᓚᖓᓂᒃ ᖁᕝᕙᓯᑎᑦᓯᔪᖅ 2.70%-ᒥᑦ 5.26%-ᒧᑦ.ᐃᓘᓐᓇᖓ ᐅᖃᓕᒫᕐᓗᒍ → ᐲᖅᓯᔪᖅ, ᓱᓇᒥᒃ ᓴᓇᓂᐊᕐᒪᖔᑦ ᑐᑭᓯᑦᑎᐊᖅᓗᓂ.
ᕗᕋᓐᓱᐊ ᐳᓛᓐ (François Blanc, 1806–1877) ᐹᑦ ᕼᐊᒻᐳᕐᒡᒥ 1843-ᒥ ᐊᑕᐅᓯᖅ ᓯᕉ ᐊᒃᓴᓗᐊᕐᒥᒃ ᐱᒋᐊᖅᑎᑦᓯᔪᖅ ᐊᔪᕆᐅᖃᑎᒥᓂ ᐃᒥᖅᑕᕐᕕᖕᓂ ᑳᓯᓅᖏᓐᓂᑦ ᐊᑭᑭᓐᓂᖅᓴᐅᓂᐊᕐᓗᓂ, ᑭᖑᓂᖓᓂ ᒪᓐᑎ ᑳᓗᒥᒃ ᐊᒃᓴᓗᐊᒥᒃ ᐊᔾᔨᖓᓂᒃ ᑐᙵᕕᖃᖅᑐᒥᒃ ᓴᓇᔪᖅ. ᐱᙳᐊᖅᑎᓄᑦ “ᑐᓂᓯᐅᑎ” ᐊᑭᑭᓪᓕᖅᓯᓂᐅᔪᖅ ᓂᐅᕕᖅᑎᐅᓂᖅᓴᓂᒃ ᐱᑎᑦᓯᔪᖅ.
ᕼᐊᒻᐳᕐᒡ ᓯᕗᓂᐊᓂ
ᕗᕋᓐᓱᐊ ᓴᓐᓂᓪᓕᖓᓗ ᓗᐃ (Louis) 1830-ᖏᓐᓂ ᐳᐅᑐᒥ (Bordeaux) ᑮᓇᐅᔭᓂᒃ ᓂᐅᕕᖅᑎᓄᑦ ᐱᙳᐊᕈᑎᓕᐅᕐᓂᕐᒥᒃ ᐱᒋᐊᖅᑐᑯᒃ, ᑕᐅᕙᓂ ᐊᑭᓕᖅᓯᓂᕐᒥᒃ ᐱᔾᔪᑎᖃᖅᑎᑕᐅᔪᑯᒃ ᑐᓴᖅᑎᑦᓯᐅᑎᓕᕆᔨᓄᑦ, ᐸᐃᕆᔅ ᑮᓇᐅᔭᓕᐊᖏᑦ ᐊᑭᖏᓐᓂᒃ ᓂᐅᕕᖅᑎᓂᑦ ᓯᕗᓪᓕᐅᓪᓗᑎᒃ ᖃᐅᔨᓂᐊᕐᓗᑎᒃ, ᑐᓴᒐᒃᓴᓂᒃ ᓯᕗᓪᓕᐅᓪᓗᓂ ᐱᓂᕐᒥᒃ ᐊᑐᐃᓐᓇᕈᖅᑎᑦᓯᓂᐅᑉ ᓯᕗᓪᓕᐅᔪᑦ ᐃᓚᖓ. ᐊᑯᓂᙱᑦᑐᒥᒃ ᐃᓯᖅᑎᑕᐅᓚᐅᖅᓯᒪᓪᓗᑎᒃ ᑳᓯᓄᓂᒃ ᐊᐅᓚᑦᓯᓂᕐᒧᑦ ᓅᑦᑐᑯᒃ, ᓯᕗᓪᓕᖅᐹᒥᒃ ᓚᒃᓴᒻᐳᕐᒡᒥ (Luxembourg), ᑭᖑᓂᖓᓂ 1841-ᒥ ᐹᑦ ᕼᐊᒻᐳᕐᒡ ᐃᒥᖅᑕᕐᕕᒃ ᓄᓇᓕᕋᓛᖅ ᐱᔪᓐᓇᐅᑎᖓᓂᒃ ᐱᔪᑯᒃ.
ᐊᑕᐅᓯᖅ ᓯᕉ
ᕼᐊᒻᐳᕐᒡ ᐊᔪᕆᐅᖃᑎᒌᒃᑐᖅ ᐃᒥᖅᑕᕐᕕᖕᓂᒃ ᑐᓴᐅᒪᔭᐅᓕᖅᓯᒪᔪᓂᒃ ᐹᑕᓐ-ᐹᑕᓐᒥ ᕖᔅᐹᑕᓐᒥᓗ, ᐊᒃᓴᓗᐊᖏᑦ ᒪᕐᕉᓐᓂᒃ ᓯᕉᓕᒃᐊᒃᓴᓗᐊᖅᓯᕉᐊᑕᐅᓯᖅ ᐅᔾᔪᐊᕌᔭᒃ ᐃᓂ ᐊᔾᔨᒌᒃᑐᒥᒃ ᐊᑭᓕᐅᑎᓕᖕᓄᑦ, ᑕᓴᓐᓄᑦ ᓇᑉᐸᖅᑐᓄᓪᓘᓐᓃᑦ ᐱᙳᐊᕈᑏᑦ ᐃᓚᐅᑎᙱᑕᖓ; ᑳᓯᓅᑉ ᐃᓚᖓᑕ ᐱᓇᓪᓗᑎᖓ. ᐊᓯᐊᓂ ᐊᑎᖏᑦ: ᐊᑕᐅᓯᖅ ᓯᕉ, 0.ᐃᓘᓐᓇᖓ ᐅᖃᓕᒫᕐᓗᒍ →. ᐳᓛᓐ ᐃᓐᓂᑦ ᐊᑕᐅᓯᕐᒥᒃ ᓯᕉᓕᒻᒥᒃ ᐊᒃᓴᓗᐊᒥᒃ ᓂᐅᕕᖅᑎᑦᓯᓇᓱᐊᕈᑎᓕᐅᖅᑐᑦ. ᑳᓯᓅᑉ ᐃᓚᖓᓈᓴᐃᓂᖅᑳᓯᓅᑉ ᐃᓚᖓᐱᙳᐊᕈᑎ ᐊᑐᓂ ᑳᓯᓅᑉ ᐊᔾᔨᒌᒃᑎᓪᓗᒋᑦ ᐱᓯᒪᓂᖅᓴᖅᑕᖓ: ᐃᐅᕌᐸ ᕉᓚᑦᒥ 2.70%.ᐃᓘᓐᓇᖓ ᐅᖃᓕᒫᕐᓗᒍ → 5.26%-ᒥᑦ 2.70%-ᒧᑦ ᒥᑭᓕᖅᑐᖅ, ᓂᐅᕕᖅᑎᑦᓯᓇᓱᐊᕈᑏᓪᓗ ᐃᒻᒥᓂᒃ ᑎᑎᕋᖅᑐᑦ: ᐃᐅᕌᐸᒥ ᑳᓯᓄ ᐊᑕᐅᓯᐅᔪᖅ ᐱᙳᐊᖅᑎᐅᑉ ᐱᔪᓐᓇᕐᓂᖏᑦ ᒪᕐᕉᕆᐊᖅᓗᒍ ᐱᐅᓂᖅᓴᐅᕝᕕᖓ. ᐱᙳᐊᖅᑏᑦ ᑎᑭᑦᑐᑦ, ᕼᐊᒻᐳᕐᒡ ᐊᖏᒡᓕᖅᑐᖅ, ᐊᔪᕆᐅᖃᑎᖏᓪᓗ ᑭᖑᓪᓕᕐᒥ ᒪᓕᒃᑐᑦ. ᑐᓂᓯᔪᒪᓂᐅᙱᑦᑐᖅ. ᐊᑭᑭᓪᓕᖅᓯᓂᐅᔪᖅ ᓂᐅᕕᕐᕕᖕᒥ ᓴᓇᔭᐅᔪᑦ ᐊᔾᔨᒌᒃᑎᓪᓗᒋᑦ ᐊᑭᖓᑐᐊᖅ ᐊᓯᑦᑐᖅᑎᑕᐅᔪᓐᓇᖅᑎᓪᓗᒍ.
ᒪᓇᑯ
ᐳᕈᓯᐊ 1866-ᒥ ᕼᐊᓯ-ᕼᐊᒻᐳᕐᒡᒥᒃ ᐱᓯᒋᐊᖅᑎᓪᓗᒍ ᔮᒪᓂᓗ ᑮᓇᐅᔭᓂᒃ ᐱᙳᐊᕐᓂᖓ ᓄᖅᑲᖅᑎᑕᐅᓪᓚᑦᑖᖅᑎᓪᓗᒍ (ᑭᖑᓪᓕᖅᐹᑦ ᐱᙳᐊᕐᕖᑦ 1872-ᒥ ᒪᑐᔭᐅᔪᑦ), ᐳᓛᓐ ᓅᓚᐅᖅᓯᒪᓕᖅᑐᖅ. 1863-ᒥ ᒪᓇᑯ ᐱᔪᓐᓇᐅᑎᖓᓂᒃ ᐊᔪᖅᑐᒥᒃ ᓂᐅᕕᖅᑐᖅ, ᓄᓇᒃᑯᑦ ᐃᖏᕐᕋᕝᕕᖕᒧᑦ ᑐᔪᕐᒥᕕᖕᓄᓪᓗ ᑮᓇᐅᔭᓕᐅᖅᓯᔪᖅ, ᑳᓯᓄᓪᓗ ᐳᓛᕆᐊᕐᕕᐊᑐᑦ ᐊᐅᓚᑦᓯᔪᖅ ᐱᙳᐊᕐᕕᐅᑐᐃᓐᓇᕆᐊᖓᓂ. ᐊᑕᐅᓯᖅ ᓯᕉ ᐅᐊᑦᑕ ᒪᓕᒃᑐᖅ ᐃᐅᕌᐸᓗ ᐊᑐᒐᔪᒃᑕᖓ ᐅᓕᖅᑐᖅ. ᐳᓛᓐ ᐃᓚᒌᑦ ᒪᓇᑯ ᑳᓯᓅᑉ ᑮᓇᐅᔭᖏᓐᓂᑦ ᐃᓚᖓᓂᒃ ᐱᑕᖃᖅᑐᑦ ᐊᕐᕌᒍᐃᑦ ᐊᒥᓱᓂ; ᐸᓂᖓ ᕋᑦᔨᕕᓪ (Radziwiłł) ᑲᒪᒃᑎᑕᐅᑉ ᐃᓚᖏᓐᓄᑦ ᐊᐃᑉᐱᖅᑐᖅ ᐃᕐᖑᑕᖓᓗ ᐳᓇᐹᑦ (Bonaparte) ᐃᓚᖏᓐᓄᑦ.
ᑯᕐᑕᓱᓐᒥ (Courthézon), ᕚᑯᓘᔅᒥ, ᐃᓅᖅᑐᖅ ᓴᓐᓂᓪᓕᖓᓗ ᓗᐃ.
ᐳᐅᑐ: ᑮᓇᐅᔭᓂᒃ ᓂᐅᕕᖅᑎᓄᑦ ᐱᙳᐊᕈᑎᓕᐅᕐᓂᖅ, ᑐᓴᖅᑎᑦᓯᐅᑎᓕᕆᔨᓂᒃ ᐊᑭᓕᖅᓯᓂᖅ, ᐱᔾᔪᑎᖃᖅᑎᑕᐅᓂᖅ.
ᐹᑦ ᕼᐊᒻᐳᕐᒡ ᐱᔪᓐᓇᐅᑎᖓ.
ᐊᑕᐅᓯᖅ ᓯᕉ ᐊᒃᓴᓗᐊᖅ ᕼᐊᒻᐳᕐᒡᒥ ᐱᒋᐊᖅᑎᑕᐅᔪᖅ.
ᒪᓇᑯ ᐱᔪᓐᓇᐅᑎᖓᓂᒃ ᓂᐅᕕᖅᑐᖅ; Société des Bains de Mer ᐱᒋᐊᖅᑎᑦᓯᔪᖅ.
ᒪᓐᑎ ᑳᓗᒧᑦ ᓄᓇᒃᑯᑦ ᐃᖏᕐᕋᕝᕕᒃ ᐅᒃᑯᐃᖅᑕᐅᔪᖅ.
ᔮᒪᓂ ᑳᓯᓅᖏᑦ ᒪᑐᔭᐅᔪᑦ; ᒪᓐᑎ ᑳᓗ ᐃᐅᕌᐸ ᓄᓇᖓᓂ ᐊᑕᐅᓯᐅᔪᖅ ᐱᙳᐊᕐᕕᒃ.
ᓯᕗᐃᑦᓯᕐᓚᓐᒥ ᑐᖁᔪᖅ, ᐃᐅᕌᐸᒥ ᑮᓇᐅᔭᖃᓛᖑᔪᑦ ᐃᓚᒋᓪᓗᓂᒋᑦ.
ᑐᑭᓯᐅᒪᔭᖏᑦ
ᑳᓯᓅᑉ ᐃᓚᖓ ᐊᑭᐅᓂᖓᓂᒃ, ᐱᙳᐊᖅᑏᑦ ᐊᑭᖏᓐᓂᒃ ᓇᓪᓕᒌᖅᓯᕙᓐᓂᖏᓐᓂᒃ ᓈᓴᐃᔪᓐᓇᙱᑉᐸᑕᓘᓐᓃᑦ, ᐊᑭᑭᓐᓂᖅᓴᖅᓗ ᐊᒥᓲᓂᖅᓴᓂᒃ ᓂᐅᕕᖅᑎᓕᒃ ᐊᑭᓪᓕᕆᔪᓐᓇᖅᑕᖓᓂᒃ ᐊᑭᓂᖅᓴᒥᒃ ᐊᒥᓲᓐᖏᓂᖅᓴᓂᒃ ᓂᐅᕕᖅᑎᓕᒻᒥᒃ. ᒪᓐᑎ ᑳᓗ ᑮᓇᐅᔭᖏᑦ 2.70%-ᒥ ᕼᐊᒻᐳᕐᒡ ᑮᓇᐅᔭᖏᓐᓂᑦ 5.26%-ᒥ ᐊᖏᓂᖅᓴᐅᓗᐊᖅᑐᑦ ᐱᙳᐊᖅᑏᑦ, ᐱᙳᐊᕐᕖᑦ ᑲᐃᕙᕐᓃᓪᓗ ᐅᓄᕐᓂᖅᓴᐅᒻᒪᑕ. ᓂᕆᐅᒋᔭᐅᔪᖅ ᐊᓯᐅᔾᔨᓂᐅᑉᓈᓴᐃᓂᖅᓂᕆᐅᒋᔭᐅᔪᖅ ᐊᓯᐅᔾᔨᓂᖅᓂᕆᐅᒋᔭᐅᔪᖅ ᐊᑭᖓ ᐊᕐᓕᒃᓗᒍ ᐱᙳᐊᕈᑏᑦ ᑲᑎᑕᐅᓂᖏᓐᓄᑦ; ᐱᙳᐊᖅᑕᐅᓂᖓᓂ ᐅᕝᕙᓘᓐᓃᑦ ᐱᕕᒃᓴᕐᒥ ᐊᓯᐅᔾᔨᓂᖅ ᐊᔾᔨᒌᒃᑎᑕᐅᔪᖅ.ᐃᓘᓐᓇᖓ ᐅᖃᓕᒫᕐᓗᒍ → ᓈᓴᐃᓂᖓ (ᑳᓯᓅᑉ ᐃᓚᖓ × ᐱᙳᐊᕈᑏᑦ ᑲᑎᑕᐅᓂᖏᑦᑮᓇᐅᔭᖅᐱᙳᐊᕈᑏᑦ ᑲᑎᑕᐅᓂᖏᑦᐱᙳᐊᖅᑕᐅᓂᖓᓂ ᐅᕝᕙᓘᓐᓃᑦ ᐱᕕᒃᓴᕐᒥ ᐱᙳᐊᕈᑎᒋᔭᐅᔪᑦ ᑲᑎᓪᓗᒋᑦ, ᐊᔪᒐᐅᑎᑦ ᐱᙳᐊᕈᑎᒋᖃᑦᑕᖅᑕᐅᔪᑦ ᐃᓚᓗᒋᑦ. ᐊᓯᐊᓂ ᐊᑎᖏᑦ: ᕼᐋᓐᑐᓪ, ᐋᒃᓴᓐ.ᐃᓘᓐᓇᖓ ᐅᖃᓕᒫᕐᓗᒍ →) ᓂᐅᕕᕐᓂᕐᒧᑦ ᐸᕐᓇᐅᑎᒋᓚᐅᖅᑕᖓ ᑭᓇᑐᐃᓐᓇᖅ ᐱᙳᐊᖅᑎᓄᑦ ᑎᑎᕋᓚᐅᖏᓐᓂᖓᓂ.
ᐊᓂᒍᐃᖅᑕᖏᑦ
ᓄᓇᕐᔪᐊᕐᒥ ᐊᑕᐅᓯᖅ ᓯᕉ ᐊᒃᓴᓗᐊᐃᑦ ᑕᒪᕐᒥᒃ ᐳᓛᓐ ᐱᖁᑎᖏᑦ. ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᒫᓐᓇᐅᔪᖅ ᑳᓯᓄ ᐳᓛᕆᐊᕐᕕᒃ: ᐃᓱᒪᒋᔭᖅ ᑳᓯᓄ ᐳᓛᕆᐊᕐᕕᐅᑉ ᐃᓚᖓᓂᒃ ᑐᔪᕐᒥᕕᖕᓂᒃ, ᐃᖏᐊᕐᕕᖕᒥᒃ ᓄᓇᒃᑯᓪᓗ ᐃᖏᕐᕋᕝᕕᖕᒥᒃ ᐱᖃᖅᑐᒥ. ᐊᒥᐊᓕᑲ ᐊᒃᓴᓗᐊᖓ ᒪᕐᕉᐊᓐᓂᒃ ᓯᕉᒥᒃ ᐊᑐᐃᓐᓇᐃᓐᓇᖅᑐᖅ ᐳᓛᓐᑐᑦ ᐃᓄᒃ ᑎᑭᓚᐅᙱᒻᒪᑦ ᐊᑭᑭᓐᓂᖅᓴᐅᓂᐊᖅᑐᖅ; 2016-ᒥ ᐱᖓᓱᑦ ᓯᕉ ᐊᒃᓴᓗᐊᖅ ᐅᑎᖅᑕᖅ ᐱᓕᕆᓂᐅᔪᖅ, ᐱᙳᐊᖅᑏᑦ ᒪᓐᑎ ᑳᓗᒥᒃ ᓇᓪᓕᒌᖅᓯᔪᓐᓇᙱᓐᓂᖏᓐᓂ ᓴᓇᔭᐅᔪᖅ.
ᐊᐱᖅᑯᑏᑦ
ᐱᒋᐊᖅᑎᑦᓯᔪᖅ ᑐᓴᐅᒪᔭᐅᓕᖅᑎᑦᓯᔪᖅᓗ. ᐊᑕᐅᓯᖅ ᓯᕉ ᐊᒃᓴᓗᐊᐃᑦ ᓯᕗᓂᐊᓂ ᐅᔾᔨᖅᑐᖅᑕᐅᓯᒪᔪᓐᓇᖅᑐᑦ; ᕼᐊᒻᐳᕐᒡ ᒪᓕᒐᒃᓴᖅᑎᑦᓯᔪᖅ.
ᐅᑎᖅᑕᖅ. ᐱᙳᐊᖅᑏᑦ ᐊᒥᓲᓂᖏᑦ ᐊᖏᒡᓕᓂᖅᓴᐅᔪᑦ ᐃᓚᖓ ᒥᑭᓕᕐᓂᖓᓂᑦ.
ᑐᓴᒐᒃᓴᓕᕆᔨᐅᑉ ᐊᑎᖅᑲᖓ, ᐊᕐᕌᒍᐃᑦ ᖁᓕᑦ ᐃᓗᐊᓂ ᐃᒥᖅᑕᕐᕕᕋᓛᒥᒃ ᐃᐅᕌᐸ ᑮᓇᐅᔭᓂᒃ ᐱᙳᐊᕐᕕᒡᔪᐊᖓᓄᑦ ᐊᓯᑦᑐᖅᓯᒻᒪᑦ.
ᐃᓪᓗᕐᓇᖅᑐᖅ ᐊᔾᔨᓕᐊᖅ
ᐊᑭᑭᓪᓕᖅᓯᓂᖅ, ᑐᓂᓯᐅᑎᐅᙱᑦᑐᖅ. ᐱᙳᐊᖅᑏᑦ ᐊᒥᓲᓂᖏᑦ ᐊᓯᖏᓐᓂᒃ ᓴᓇᔪᑦ.
ᐱᕝᕕᒋᔭᐅᔪᑦ
- Schwartz, D. G. Roll the Bones: The History of Gambling.
- Kavanagh, T. M. Dice, Cards, Wheels: A Different History of French Culture.